
REVIEW 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



REVIEW 

DIAGRAMS 

Revised and Enlarged. 



THIFRID E: EDIT" ION. 



AN OUTLINE 



— OF 



U. S, History, Civil Government, Geography, Grammar, 

Readiqg, Orthography, Theory and Art of Teaching, 

Arithmetic, Physiology and Peqrrjarrship. 



BY J .W. HUMPHREY, 

Author of '-Manual of Reading." 



WAYLAND, MICH. 
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 

1888. 









Copyrighted 1883 and 1888 

BY 

JAMES W. HUMPHEEY. 



L. B. STANTON & CO., PRINTERS, GRAND RAPIDS. 
* 



PREFACE. 



TO FIRST EDITION, 



HIS BOOK is intended for the use of those who desire to review, 
and, at the same time, to offer to the young teacher black- 
board work which, if intelligently handled, cannot fail of good 
results. The "Diagrams" have grown out ot the belief that 
" illustration is the basis of successful teaching," and that what is 
seen is best understood. They were prepared for my own class 
work, but, by the request of many of my fellow teachers and pupils, 
I have consented to have them published, with the hope that they 
may assist in making the recitation hour both pleasant and profi table. 



PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 

The reception given the first edition, and the many kind words 
for the "Diagrams" by successful teachers, is our apology for 
offering the public a second edition. The latest and most reliable 
authorities have been consulted in compiling and revising this work. 
May the hope that it will facilitate the labors of both teacher and 
student not be in vain, is the wish of the author. 



PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. 

To this edition the subjects of Orthography and Theory and Art 
of Teaching have been added. The subject of Reading entirely 
re- written, and in other subjects some important changes have been 
made. We are indebted to many of our fellow teachers for valuable 
suggestions. With the hope that this little book may be found useful 
and worthy a place on the true teacher's table, the author submits it 
to the public. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY 



PERIODS— 

Aboriginal, to 980. 

Voyage and discovery, 98G to 1607. 

Colonial, 1607 to 177.5. 

Revolutionary and Confederation, 1775 to 1789. 

National, 1789 to 1888. 

ABORIGINAL, to 986. 

Mound Builders —Indians —Esquimaux. 

Name. 

Origin. 

Tribe. 

Customs. 

Language. 

Implements. 

Writing. 

Number. 

VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY, 986 to 1607— 
Norsemen. 
Spanish. 
English. 
French. 
Dutch. 

NORSEMEN— 

Iierjulfson, 986. 
Leif Erickson, 1001. 
Thorvvald Erickson, 1002. 
Thorstein Erickson, 1005. 
Thorfinn Karlsefne, 1007. 

SPANISH— 

Columbus, 1492, 1493, 1498, 1502. 
Vespucci, 1499, 1501. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



SPANISH— Continued. 

Ponce de Leon, 1512. 
De Balboa, 1513. 
Cortez, 1519-1521. 
Magellan, 1520. 
De Soto, 1541. 
Melendez, 1565. 

ENGLISH— 

The Cabots, 1494-1497. 
Drake, 1579. 
Gilbert, 1583. 
Raleigh, 1584. 
Grenville, 1585. 
Gosnold, 1602. 
Pring, 1603. 

FRENCH— 

Denys, 1506. 
Verrazzani, 1524. 
Cartier, 1534. 
Roberval, 1542. 
Laudonniere, 1564. 
De Gourges, 1566. 
La Roche, 1598. 
Champlain, 1603, 1605. 
De Monts, 1604. 

DUTCH— 

Henry Hudson, 1609. 



COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 



SPANISH— 

Isthmus of Darien, 1510. 
St. Augustine, 1565. 
Santa Fe, 1582. 
San Diego, 1769. 

ENGLISH— 

Jamestown, 1607. 
Plymouth, 1620. 
Salem, 1629. 
Rhode Island, 1636. 

FRENCH— 

Port Royal, 1605. 
Quebec, 1608. 
Detroit, 1701. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY 



DUTCH— 

New York, 102:3. 

Ft. Orange or Albany, 1624. 



COLONIAL EVENTS. 



VIRGINIA- 



Name; London Company, 1600; Jamestown; Wing- 
field; Smith; Pocahontas; Powhatan; "Starving 
Time; 1 ' Delaware; Slavery; Argal; Opechanca- 
nough; Berkley; Bacon; Charters; Royal Gov- 
ernment. 



MASSACIIUSETTS- 



Name; Plymouth Company, 1606; Roger Williams; 
John Winthrop; Carver; Miles Standish; Anne 
Hutchinson; John Robinson; Five Nations; 
Witchcraft; George Burroughs; Harvard College, 
1637; Charters; Royal Governments; Pine Tree 
Money, 1052; Paper "Money, 1090. 

NEW YORK— 

Name; Dutch Governors; Peter Stuyvesant; May; 
Minuit; Wouter Yan Twiller; Andros; English 
Rule ; Fletcher ; Leisler ; Melborne ; Sloughter ; 
Negro Plot; Columbia College; Government. 

CONNEC I ICUT— 

Name; Three Colonies; Lord Say-and-Seal; Lord 
* Brooks; Hampden; Winthrop; Yale College, 1702; 
Charter Oak; Charter; Royal Government. 

MARYLAND— 

Name; Lord Baltimore; Josiah Fendal; Clayborne; 
Calvert; Religious War; Charter; Ro} r al and Pro- 
prietary Governments. 

RHODE ISLAND— 

Name; Roger Williams; Clark; Coddington; Henry 
Bull; Brown Universiiy; Charters; Governments. 

CAROLINAS— 

Name; Three Colonies; Raleigh; Amidas; Barlow; 
Seth Sothel; Lord Clarendon; Sayle; Indian Mas- 
sacre; Indian War; Rice Culture, 1094; Separation, 
1729; Proprietary and Royal Governments. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY 



NEW JERSEY— 

Name; New Netherlands; East and West Jersey; 
Duke of York; Berkley; Carteret; Sale of West 
Jersey (1674) and East Jersey (1682) to the Qua- 
ers; ^Governments 

PENNSYLVANIA— 

Name; Penn.; Benj. Franklin; Swedes; Quakers; 
Philadelphia; Charter of Liberties; Treaty with 
the Indians; Charter; Government. 

DELAWARE— 

Name; Swedes; Gustavus Adolphus; Peter Minuit; 
" The Territories ; " Charter; Government. 

GEORGIA— 

Name; Territorial Claims; Oglethorpe; John and 
Charles Wesley; Whitefield; Hostilities with 
Spaniards; Trustees; Government. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE— 

Name; Laconia; Ferdinand Gorges; Mason; 
Wheelwright; Conflicting Land Claims; Indian 
Wars; Government. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS. 



King William's War. 

1689 to 1«»7. 

CAUSE— 

English Revolution of 1688-1689; King William 
versus Louis XIV., and James II. 

EVENTS— 

Dover, N. II., massacre, June 27, 1689; Schenectady, 
N. Y., massacre, Feb. 9, 1690; Salmon Falls, 
Maine, massacre, March 28, 1690; Casco Bay, 
Maine, massacre, May 21, 1690; Nova Scotia ex- 
pedition, May 1H90; Canada expedition, October, 
1690; Oyster 'River, N. H. massacre, July 25, 1(^94; 
Haverhill, Mass., massacre, March 25, 1697. 

RESULT— 

Confirmation of King William to English Throne; 
Territory in U. S. to remain unchanged; Treaty 
of Ryswick, Sept. 20, 1697. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Queen Anne's War. 

1702 to 1713. 

CAUSE— 

Spanish Succession; England versus France; Queen 
Anne versus Louis XIV. 

EVENTS— 

St. Augustine expedition, May, 1702; Appalachian 
expedition, December, 1702; Attack against 
Charleston, 1700; Tuscaroras war, 1712; Yamas- 
ses war, l7i:>; Port Royal expedition, 1710; 
Canada expedition, 1711. 

RESULT— 

Confirmation of Phillip V to the Spanish throne; 
Acadia ceded to England; treaty of Utrecht April 
11, 1713. 

King George's War. 

1744 to 174*. 

CAUSE— 

Austrian Succession; England versus France; George 
II versus Louis XV. 

EVENTS— 

Capture of Louisburg, 1745; D'Arville expedition, 
1746. 

RESULT— 

Confirmation of Maria Theresa to the Austrian 
throne; territory in U. S. restored; treaty of Aix 
la Chapelle, Oct. 18, 1748. 



French and Indian War. 

1754 to 1703. 

CAUSE— 

Territorial dispute; George II and Colonies versus 
Louis XV. 

EVENTS— 

Washington's journe} r , 1753; Ft. Du Quesne built, 
1754; Battle of Great Meadows, 1754; Ft. Neces- 
sity captured, July 4, 1754; Braddock's defeat, 
July 9, 1755; Shirley's expedition, 1755; battle of 
Lake George, 1755; capture of Oswego, 1756; 
capture of Ft. Wm. Henry, 1757; capture of 
Louisburg, 1758; capture of Ft. Du Quesne, 1758; 
Capture of Quebec, Sept. 18, 1759; Pontiac war, 
1763. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY 



RESULT— 

Treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, in which France 
cedes all territory east of Mississippi to England — 
west of Mississippi to Spain; Spain cedes Florida 
to England. 



British. 

Wolf, Braddock, Washing- 
ton, Shirley, Johnson, Ab- 
ercrombie, Winslow. 



French. 

Montcalm, Dieskau, Jumon- 
ville, Villiers, St. Pierre, 
Pontiac, M. Levi. 



COLONIAL UNIONS. 



United Colonies of New England. 

1643. 

ORGANIZED— 

May 29, 1643. 
PLACES OF MEETING— 

Boston, Hartford, New Haven, Plymouth. 
LASTED— 

Forty years. 
OBJECT— 

Protection against Dutch, French, Indians. 
COLONIES— 

Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Haven, Connecticut. 

re presentation- 
Two from each colony ; qualification, church mem- 
bership. 



MET IN- 



Assembly of New York. 

169©. 

New York ; lasted seven years. 



OBJECT- 



Protection against French and Indians. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



COLONIES— 

New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut. 



Colonial Congress. 

1765. 

MET IN— 

New York, October 7-24, 1765. 
CAUSE— 

Stamp Act. 
COLONIES— 

New York, New Jersey, Delaware, South Carolina, 
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Connec- 
ticut, Massachusetts. 

PROCEEDINGS— 

Petition to King and Parliament. 
RESULT— 

Repeal of Stamp Act, March 18, 1766. 



First Continental Congress. 

1774. 

MET IN— 

Philadelphia, September 5 to October 26. 
CAUSES— 

Mutiny Act; Revenue Act on Teas, etc.; British 

troops in Boston; Boston Massacre; Boston Port 

Bill. 

COLONIES— 

All except Georgia. 
PROCEEDINGS— 

Declaration of rights; petition to King and Parlia- 
ment; agreement not to use British imports; 
agreed upon another Congress, to meet in May, 
1775. 



Second Continental Congress. 

1775. 

MET IN— 

Philadelphia, May 10, August 1, Sept. 5, 1775, and 
Dec. 12, 1776. 



12 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

CAUSE— 

British aggression. 
COLONIES— 

New York, New Jersey, Delaware, South Carolina, 
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Connecti- 
cut, Massachusetts, Virginia, North Carolina, New 
Hampshire, Georgia. 

PROCEEDINGS— 

Voted to raise an army of 20,000; chose Washington 
commander-in-chief, July 15, 1775; authorized an 
issue of $3,000,000; organized P. O. Department, 
July 26, 1775; appointed committee to draft 
Declaration of Independence and Articles of Con- 
federation, June 11, 177(5; Declaration of In- 
dependence adopted July 4, 177(5. 

CONTINENTAL PRESIDENTS— 

Payton Randolph, Henry Middleton, John Hancock, 
Henry Laurens, John Jay, Samuel Huntington. 
Thomas McKean, John Hanson, Elias Boudinot, 
Thomas Mifflin, Richard Henry Lee, Nathaniel 
Gorham, Arthur St. Clair, Cyrus Griffin. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

CAUSE— 

Taxation without representation; obstinacy of King; 
growth of Colonies; had Royal Governors; re- 
moteness of Colonies; love of liberty. 



BATTLES- 



1775 — Lexington, April 19; Bunker Hill, June 17; 

Crown Point, Mav 12; Quebec, Dec. 31. 
1776— Boston, March 17; White I'lains, Oct. 28; 

Trenton, Dec. 26. 
1777 — Bennington, Aug. 16; Brandywine, Sept. 11; 

Saratoga, Oct. 1 7. 
1778 — Monmouth, June 28; Wyoming, July 3 
177'.»— Flamboro, Sept. 23; Savannah, Oct. 9. 
1780 — Hanging Rock, Aug. 6; King's Mountain, 

Oct. 7. 
1781— Cowpens, Jan. 17; Hobkirk's Hill, April 25; 

Yorktown, Oct. 19. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



RESULTS— 

Independence secured; Treaty of Paris, Sept. 3, 
1783. 

OFFICERS. 

American. British. 

Washington, Gates, Lee, Howe, Clinton, Burgoyne, 

Greene, Warren, Putnam, Cornwallis, De Heister, 

Schuyler, Montgomery, Grant, Prescott, Knyp- 

Sullivan, Arnold. hausen, Prevost, Arnold. 



PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



George Washington, Virginia. 

17K9-1797— 8 Years. 
Born February 2«. 1732: Vied December 14.11799. 

VICE-PRESIDENT— 

John Adams. 

CABINET— 

Secretaries of State, Thomas Jefferson, Edmund 
Randolph and Timothy Pickering; Secretaries 
of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton and Oliver 
Wolcott; Secretaries of War and Navy,* Henry 
Knox, Timothy Pickering and James McHenrv; 
Attorneys-General, Edmund Randolph, William 
Bradford and Charles Lee; Postmasters-Generalf, 
Samuel Osgood, Timothy Pickering and Joseph 
Habersham. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

First national bank; Genet trouble; whisky insur- 
rection; capital selected; treaty with Spain; first 
census, 3,929,214, Northwest territory organized, 
1789; Southwest territory organized, 1790. 

STATES ADMITTED— 

Vermont, 1791; Kentucky, 1792; Tennessee, 1796. 
INVENTIONS— 

Cotton gin by Eli Whitney, 1793. 

* The War Department, as created by Act of Congress, August 7, 1789, had also the 
superintendence of Naval Affairs. A separation took place in April, 17118, when a Navy 
Department was established. 

t From the organization of the Government down to 182'.) the Postmasters-General 
were not recognized as members of the Cabinet, but are herein printed as such for the 
sake of uniformity. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



John Adams, Massachusetts. 

1 797- 1 8©1 -4 Years. 
Born October 30, 1735; Died July 4, 1S2G. 

VICE-PRESIDENT— 

Thomas Jefferson. 

CABINET— 

Secretaries of State, Timothy Pickering and John 
Marshall ; Secretaries of Treasury, Oliver Wolcott 
and Samuel Dexter ; Secretaries of War, James 
McHenry, Samuel Dexter and Roger Griswold ; 
Secretaries of Navy, George Cabot and Benjamin 
Stoddert ; Attorneys-General, Charles Lee and 
Theophilus Parsons ; Postmaster-General, Joseph 
Habersham. 



IMPORTANT EVENTS- 



Alien and sedition laws, 1798 ; capital moved to 
Washington, 1800 ; death of Patrick Henry ; quasi 
French Avar ; navy department established ; death 
of Washington : 12th amendment. 



Thomas Jefferson, Virginia. 

1801-1809-8 Years. 
Born 1743; I>ie«l 1820. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS— 

Aaron Burr ; George Clinton. 

CABINET— 

Secretary of State, James Madison ; Secretaiies of 
Treasury, Samuel Dexter and Albert Gallatin ; 
Secretary of War, Henry Dearborn ; Secretaries 
of Navy, Benjamin Stoddert, Robert Smith and 
Jacob Crowninshield ; Attorneys-General, Theo- 
philus Parsons, Levi Lincoln, Robert Smith, John 
Breckenbridge and Caesar A. Rodney; Postmasters- 
General, Joseph Habersham and Gideon Granger. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Lewis and Clark's expedition, 1803-1806; Louisiana 
purchase, (115,000,000); Hamilton shot, July 11, 
1804 ; Webster's dictionary ; war with Tripoli, 
1801-1803 ; slave trade abolished, Jan. 1, 1808. 

STATES ADMITTED— 

Ohio, 1803. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY 



INVENTIONS— 

Steamboat bv Robert Fulton, ISO 1 ; 



James Madison, Virginia. 

1*0!>-1*17— H Vears. 
Born 1751 ; Died 183«. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS— 

George Clinton; Elbridge Gerry. 

CABINET— 

Secretaries of State, Robert Smith and James Mon- 
roe; Secretaries of Treasury, Albert Gallatin, 
George W. Campbell, Alexander J. Dallas and 
Wm. II. Crawford; Secretaries of War, Wm. 
Eustis, John Armstrong, James Monroe and Wm. 
H. Crawford; Secretaries of Navy, Paul Hamil- 
ton, William Jones and Benjamin W. Crownin- 
shield ; Attorneys-General, Caesar A. Rodney, 
Wm. Pinkney and Richard Rush ; Postmasters- 
General, Gideon Granger and Return J. Meigs, Jr. 

STATES ADMITTED— 

Louisiana, 1812 ; Indiana, 1816. 
IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

First savings bank; war of 1812; Hartford conven- 
tion; treaty of Ghent; Algerine war, 1815; first 
ocean steamer; burning of capitol Aug. 24, 1814. 



War of 1812-1814— 2 v; Years. 

CAUSES— 

Impressment of American seamen ; Orders in coun- 
cil : Milan decree ; Embargo. 

BATTLES— 

1812 — Land: Brownstown, Aug. 5 ; Queenstown, 
Aug. 13. 

Naval: Off Newfoundland, Aug. 13 ; Off Massachu- 
setts, Aug. 19 and Sept. 7 ; Off North Carolina, 
Oct. 18 ; West Canary Islands, Oct. 25 ; Off San 
Salvador, Dec. 29. 

1813 — Land : Massacre of Frenchtown, Jan. 22 ; 
York, April 27; Fort Meigs, May 5; Sackett's 
Harbor, May 29 ; Thames, Oct. 5. 

Naval: Off Demarra, Feb. 24 ; Massachusetts Bay, 
June 1 ; Coast of Maine, Sept. 5 ; Lake Erie, 
Sept. 10. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



BATTLES— Contin ued. 

is 14 — Land: Chippewa, July 5; Lundy 



Lane, 
July 25; Fort Erie, Aug. 15; Plattsburg, Sept. 11; 
Fort McHenry, Sept. 13; Fort Erie, (Sortie) Sept. 17. 

Naval: Off Florida, April 29; near Africa, Sept. 
1; Lake Champlain, Sept. 11; Lake Borgne, Dec. 14. 

1815 — Land: New Orleans, Jan. 8. 

RESULTS— 

Permanent treaty of Ghent, Feb. 18, 1815; recogni- 
tion of American naval power. 



American. 

Hull, Miller, Winchester, 
Dearborn, Hampton, Har- 
rison, Brown, Winder, 
Croghan, Jackson, Deca- 
tur, Lawrence, Rodgers, 
Jones, Perry. 



British. 

Brock, Tecumseh, Proctor, 
Prevost,Ross,Drummond, 
Packenham, Dacres, Car- 
den, Broke, Hayes, Lock- 
yer, Lambert, Barclay. 



James Monroe, Virginia, 

1817 to 1825—8 Years. 
Born, 1758: Died, 1831. 

VICE-PRESIDENT— 

D. D. Tompkins. 

CABINET— 

Secretary of State, John Q. Adams; Secretary of 
Treasury, William H. Crawford; Secretaries of 
War, Isaac Shelby and John C. Calhoun; Secre- 
taries of Navy, B. W. Crowninshield, Smith 
Thompson, John Rogers and Samuel L. Southard: 
Attorneys-General, Richard Rush and William 
Wirt; Postmasters-General, Return J. Meigs and 
John McLean. 

STATESf ADMITTED— 

Mississippi, 1817; Illinois, L818; Alabama, 1819; 
Maine, 1820; Missouri, 1821. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Florida purchase, ($5,000,000); Missouri comprom- 
ise, Monroe doctrine; visit of La Fayette; election 
of J. Q. Adams by^ House of Representatives. 



UNITED STATES HIS TOBY. 



John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts. 

1885-1820— 4! "Wars. 
Born 1767; Died 1848. 

VICE-PRESIDENT— 

John C. Calhoun. 

CABINET— 

Secretary of State, Henry Clay; Secretary of Treas- 
ury, Richard Rush ^Secretaries of War, James 
Barbour and Peter B. Porter; Secretary of Navy, 
Samuel L. Southard; Attorney-General, William 
Wirt*; Postmaster-General, John McLean. 

STATES A DM I TIE D— 

None. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Erie Canal; American Tract Society; Death of John 
Adams and Thomas Jefferson, on the fiftieth 
anniversary of Independence; Protective tariff. 

INVENTIONS— 

Railroad by George Stephenson. 



Andrew Jackson, Tennessee. 

l*80-l*37-*»ars. 
Born ii 1767 ;!!l>ied 1S45. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS— 
John C. Calhoun; 

CABINET— 



Martin Van Bui 



Secretaries of State, Martin Van Buren, Edward 
Livingston, Louis McLane and John Forsyth; 
Secretaries of Treasury, Samuel D. Ingham, Louis 
McLane, William J. Duane, Roger B. Taney and 
Levi Woodbury; Secretaries of War, John H. 
Eaton and Lewis Cass; Secretaries of Navy, 
John Branch, Levi Woodbury and Mahlon Dick- 
erson; Attorneys General, John M. Berrien, Roger 
B. Taney and Benjamin F. Butler; Postmasters- 
General, William T. Barry an d_ Amos Kendall. 

STATES ADMITTED— 

Arkansas, 1836; Michigan, 1837. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



IMPORTANT. EVENTS— 

Black Hawk war ; First asylum for blind ; Abolition 
of U. S. Bank ; Fifth census (12,856,165 ;) Nullifi- 
cation, 1832 ; Clay's tariff compromise. 



Martin Van Buren, New York. 

1*37-1*41-4 Years. 
Born 1782; Died 1*G2. 

VICE-PRESIDENT— 

Richard M Johnson. 

CABINET— 

Secretary of State, John Forsyth ; Secretary of 
Treasury, Levi Woodbury ; Secretary of War, 
Joel R. Poinsett; Secretaries of Navy, Mahlon 
Dickerson and James K. Paulding ; Attorneys- 
General, Benjamin F. Butler, Felix Grundy and 
Henry D. Gilpin ; Postmasters-General, Amos 
Kendall and John M Niles. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Financial panic ; Osceola captured ; Lovejoy mur- 
dered by mob ; First secession ; Sub-Treasury bill. 

INVENTIONS— 

Vulcanized rubber by Charles Goodyear, 1839. 



"William H. Harrison, Ohio. 

1841-1 Month. 
Born 1773: Died April 4. 1841. 

VICE-PRESIDENT— 

John Tyler. 

CABINET— 

Secretary of State, Daniel Webster ; Secretary of 
Treasury, Thomas Ewing ; Secretary of War, 
John Bell ; Secretary of Navy, George E. Badger ; 
Attorney-General, John J. Crittenden ; Postmas- 
ter-General, Francis Granger. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



John Tyler, Virginia. 

L841-1845— 3 tears, 19 Moiitht 
Born 17JM>: IHetl 1S02. 



CABINET— 



Secretaries of State, Daniel Webster, Hugh S. Legare, 
Abel P. Upshur, John Nelson and John C. Cal- 
houn ; Secretaries of Treasury, Thomas Ewing, 
Walter Forward, John C. Spencer and George M. 
Bibb ; Secretaries of War, John Bell, John C. 
Spencer, James M. Porter and William Wilkins; 
Secretaries of Navy, George E. Badger, Abel P. 
Upshur, David Henshaw, Thomas W. Gilmer and 
John Y. Mason ; Attorneys-General, John J. 
Crittenden, Hugh S. Legare and John Nelson; 
Postmasters-General, Francis Granger and Chas. 
A. Wickliffe. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Anti-Mormon excitement ; Treaty of Washington ; 
Free Soil party ; Bankrupt law. 

STATES ADMITTED— 

Texas, 1845 ; Florida, 1845. 

INVENTIONS— 

Magnetic telegraph by Samuel F. I>. Morse, 1844. 



James K. Polk, Tennessee. 

11 *45- 1 849—1 Years. 
Kuril 1795; Died 1W-19. 

VICE-PRESIDE NT- 
George M. Dallas. 

CABINET— 

Secretary of State, -lames Buchanan ; Secretary of 
Treasury, Robert J. Walker; Secretary of War, 
Wm. L. Marcy ; Secretaries of Navy, George 
Bancroft and John Y. Mason ; Attorneys-General, 
John Y. Mason, Nathan Clifford and Isaac Tou- 
cey ; Postmaster-General, Cave Johnson. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Mexican war ; Naval Academy established ; Smith- 
sonian Institute ; Independent treasury ; Gold dis- 
covered in California ; Department of Interior 
established ; Slavery prohibited in territories. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



STATES ADMITTED— 

Iowa, 1846; Wisconsin, 1848. 
INVENTIONS— 

Sewing machine by Elias Howe, jr. 



Mexican War 1845-1848. • 

CAUSE— 

Annexation of Texas, March 1, 1845. 

EVENTS— 

Taylor's campaign, April, 1846, to February, 184V; 
Fremont's conquest of California, March, 1846 to 
January, 1847; Kearney's conquest of New 
Mexico, June to", August, \l 846; Doniphan's ex- 
pedition, New Mexico, November, 1846, to June, 
1847; Scott's campaign in Mexico, March, 1847, 
to September, 1848. 

RESULTS— 

Annexation of New Mexico, Utah, and California; 
Treaty of Gaudalupe Hildago, Feb. 2, 1848. 



American. 

Taylor, Scott, Kearney, 
Worth, Lane, Thornton, 
Walker. 



Mexican. 

Santa Anna, Arista, Am- 
pudia, Morales, Valencia, 
Alvarez, Bravo. 



Zachary Taylor, Louisiana. 

I*4»— 1 Year. 4 Months. 
Born 17S4: Died 1*50. 

VICE-PRESIDENT— 

Millard Fillmore. 
CABINET— 

Secretary of State, John M. Clayton; Secretary of 
Treasury, William M. Meredith; Secretary of 
War, Geo. W. Crawford; Secretary of Navy, 
William 15. Preston; Secretary of Interior, 
Thomas Ewing; Postmaster-General, Jacob Col- 
lamer; Attorney-General, Reverdy Johnson. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Squatter sovereignty; Death of Calhoun; Clay' 
Omnibus bill; Nashville secession convention. 



Millard Fillmore, New York. 

1850-1853— 2 Years, S Months. 
Born 1800; Died 1*74. 

CABINET— 

Secretaries of State, Daniel Webster and Edward 
Everett; Secretary of Treasury, Thomas Corwin; 
Secretaries of War, Wintield Scott, ad interim, 
and Charles M. Conrad; Secretaries of Navy, 
William A. Graham and John P. Kennedy; Sec- 
retary of Interior, Alexander II. II. Stuart; 
Postmasters- General, Nathan K. Hall and Samuel 
D. Hubbard; Attorney-General, John J. Critten- 
den. 

STATES ADMITTED— 

California, 1850. 
IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Fugitive slave law; Kane's Arctic expedition; Death 
of (May; Death of Webster. 



Franklin Pierce, New Hampshire. 

1 853- 1 S57— 4 Years. 
Born 1804; Died 1869. 

VICE-PRESIDENT— 

William R. King. Died April 18, is;,.; 
CABINET— 

Secretary of State, William L. Marcy; Secretary of 
Treasury, James Guthrie; Secretary of War, 
Jefferson Davis; Secretary of Navy, J. C. Dob- 
bin; Secretary of Interior, Robert McClelland; 
Postmaster-General, James Campbell; Attorney- 
General, Caleb Cushing. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Know-Nothing party; Gadsden purchase ($10,000,- 
000); Second Kane expedition; Kansas- Nebraska 
bill; Disruption of American party; Sumner as- 
saulted by Brooks; Republican party organized; 
Martin Koszta affair; Treaty with Japan. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY 



James Buchanan, Pennsylvania. 

1857-1861—1 Years. 
Born 1791; Died iHilH. 

VICE-PRESIDENT— 

J. C. Breckenridge. 
CABINET— 

Secretaries of State, Lewis Cass and Jeremiah S. 
Black; Secretaries of Treasury, Howell Cobb, 
Philip F. Thomas and John A. Dix ; Secretaries 
of War, John B. Floyd and Joseph Holt ; Secre- 
tary of Navy, Isaac Toucey ; Secretary of Inte- 
rior, Jacob Thompson ; Attorneys-General, Jere- 
miah S. Black and Edwin M. Stanton ; Postmas- 
ters-General, Aaron V. Brown, Joseph Holt and 
Horatio King. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Dred Scott decision ; Treaty of Denmark ; War with 
Brigham Young ; Atlantic Caltle laid, 1858 ; Exe- 
cution of John Brown, Dec 2, ls.-,<»; Secession 
begun ; Seceded states — South Carolina, Den. 20, 
I860; Mississippi, Jan. 10, 18(51; Florida, Jan. 
K), IStil ; Alabama, Jan. 11, L861 ; Georgia, Jan. 
18, 1861 ; Louisiana, Jan. 2tf, L86] ; Texas, Feb. 
1, L861 ; Crittenden compromise; Southern Con- 
federacy. 

STATES ADMITTED— 

Minnesota, 1858 ; Oregon, 1859; Kansas, 1861. 



Abraham Lincoln, Illinois. 

1W«1-1S«5— 1 Years, I Month. 
Born. 180»: I>i«Ml. 18«5. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS— 

Hannibal Hamlin ; Andrew Johnson. 
CABINET— 

Secretary of State, William II. Seward ; Secretaries 
of Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, William P. Fes- 
senden and Hugh McCulloch ; Secretaries of 
War, Simon Cameron and Edwin M. Stanton ; 
Secretary of Navy, Gideon Wells ; Secretaries of 
Interior," Caleb B. Smith and John P. Usher ; 
Postmasters-General, Montgomery Blair and 
William Dennison ; Attorneys-General, Edward 
Bates, Titian J. Coffey and James Speed. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY 



STATES ADMITTED— 

West Virginia, 1863 ; Nevada, 1864. 
IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Civil war, 1 so 1-1 805 ; Secession completed — Vir- 
ginia, April 17, 1861; Arkansas, May 6,1861; 
North Carolina, May 20, 1861 ; Tennessee, Jnne 
8, 1861 ; Confederacy recognized by England, 
May 13, 1861 ; France, June 10, 1861 ; Spain, 
June 17, 1861 ; Portugal, July 20, 1861 ; Legal- 
Tender Act; Lee surrendered, April 9, 1865; 
Lincoln assassinated, April 14, 1865. 

Civil War. 

CAUSE— 

Slavery. 
EVENTS— 

1861 : Surrender of Ft. Sumpter, April 13 ; Balti- 
more mob, April 19 ; Ellsworth shot, May 24 ; 
Rich Mountain, July 11; Bull Run, July 21 ; 
Trent affair, November 8. 
1862; Ft. Henry, Tennessee, captured, February 
6 ; Ft. Donelson, Tennessee, captured, February 
16; Nashville, Tenn., February 23; Battle of 
Shi loll, April 6-7 ; Yorktown, Ya., taken, May 4 ; 
Memphis captured, June 6 ; Second Bull Run, 
August :.".) ; Antietam, September IT. 
1863: Emancipation proclamation, January 1; 
Gettysburg, July 1-:: ; Surrender of Vicksl urg, 
July 4 ; Chickamauga, September 19-20 ; Am- 
nesty proclamation, December 8. 
L864 : Atlanta campaign, May "> to September 2 : 
Nashville campaign, October 1 to December 20 ; 
Sherman's march to the sea, November 17 to 
December 17. 
L865 : Surrender of Lee to Grant, April 9 ; Lincoln 
assassinated by Booth, April 14; Jeff Davis cap- 
tured at Irwinsville, Ga., May 10 ; Army dis- 
banded, August 1. 
RESULTS— 

Slavery abolished ; Union restored. 

OFFICERS. 



Union. 

Grant, Sheraian, Sheridan, 
McClellan, Banks, Buell, 
Burnside, Rosecrans, Mc- 
Dowell, Hooker, Meade, 
Can by. 



Conjederate. 

Beauregard, Johnston, Lee, 
Jackson, Bragg, Pember- 
ton, Early, Hood, Forrest, 
Ewell, Taylor, Buchanan. 



UNITED STA TE8 HISTOR] 



Strength of U. S. Army During Rebellion. 



Date of Call. 



April 15, 1861 

May 3, 1861 

June 22 and 25, 186 
May and June, 1862 

July 2, 1862 

August 4,1862 

June 15, 1863 

October 17, 1863... 
Februarj 1. 1864... 

March li, 1864 

April 28, 1864 

July 18, 1864 

December 19, 1864. 

Total 



numbeb numbeb 
Called. Obtained. 



v.-,, 

82,748 I 

:,niu inn i 

:;i in, in in 

-nil. i 

1011,01111 

300, I 

200,000 \ 

'iiio.ooo 

85, 

.-.iiii.ni o 

3(111,000 



•2, '.142.74* 2,690,41 



f,32fi 
1,231 



431,! 

87,1 
L6,i 



Length of Sebvice. 



Three months. 
Three years. 

Three months. 

iree years. 
Nine mouths. 
Six months. 

Two years. 

Three years. 
■ hundred c 

B, two or th 
One, twoorth 



Andrew Johnson, Tennessee. 

1M»5-1M>»— » Years. 11 IE on His. 
BornlSOS; Died 1*75. 

CABINET— 

Secretary of State, William H. Seward; Secretary 
of Treasury, Hugh McCulloch; Secretaries of 
War, Edwin M. Stanton* and John M. Schofield; 
Secretary of Navy, Gideon Welles; Secretaries of 
Interior, John P. Usher, James Harlan and O. H. 
Browning; Postmasters-General, Wm. Dennison 
and Alexander W. Randall; Attorneys-General, 
James Speed, H. F. Stanbury and William M. 
Evarts. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

International ocean telegraph; Amnesty proclama- 
tion; Thirteenth amendment (prohibiting Slav- 
ery;) Civil Rights bill; Impeachment;*Uepartment 
of Education; Bankruptcy Act; f Fourteenth 
amendment; Alaska purchased (17,200,000). 

STATES ADMITTED— 

Nebraska, 1807. 



* Suspended August 12, 1SC.7, and Gen. I!. S. Grant appointed ad interim, but by 
order of the Senate, Mr. Stanton was reinstated in the War Ot'fiee, January 1). lscs. 
February 21, 1868, Mr. Stanton was removed from office, and Gen. Lorenzo Thomas, 
the Adjutant-General, was appointed Secretary of War. ad interim ; but the Senate 
did not concur,. and Mr. Stanton continued in office. May 2c, lscs, the Senate, as a 
Court of Impeachment, having failed, Mr. Stanton voluntarily retired from the War 
Office. 



UNITED STATES HlSTORl, 



Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois. 

1869-1877—8 Years. 
Born 1823; Died 1885. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS— 

Schuyler Colfax; Henry Wilson. 

CABINET— 

Secretary of State, Hamilton Fish; Secretaries of 
Treasury, G. S. Bontwell, W. A. Richardson, 
Benj. U. Bristow and Lot M. Morrill; Secretaries 
of War, J. A. Rawlins, W. \Y . Belknap, Alphonso 
Taft and James I). Cameron; Secretaries of Navy, 
Adolph E. Borie and G. VV. Kobeson; Secretaries 
of Interior, J. 1). Cox, C. Delano and Zachariah 
Chandler; Postmasters General, J. A. J. Cres- 
well, Marshall Jewell and James N. Tyner; At- 
torneys-General, E. R. Hoar, A. T. Ackerman, 
G. II." Williams, Edwards Pierrepont and A. Taft. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS— . 

Pacific railroad; Reconstruction completed; Fif- 
teenth amendment; Ku-Klux Klan; Chicago fire; 
Alabama claims ($15,500,000); Centenniaf Expo- 
sition. 

STATES ADMITTED— 

Colorado, ]*7f>. 



Rutherford B. Hayes, Ohio. 

1*77- 1 SHI— 4 Years. 
Born 1 *•*•>. 

VICE-PRESIDEXT— 

William A. Wheeler. 

CABINET— 

Secretary of State, William M. Evart; Secretary of 
Treasury, John Sherman; Secretaries of War, 
George W McCrary and Alexander Ramsey; 
Secretaries of Navy, Richard W. Thompson and 
Nathan Goff, jr.; Secretary of Interior, Carl 
Schurz; Postmasters-General, David M. Key and 
Horace Maynard; Attorney-General, Charles 
Devens. 



26 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Railroad strike ; Remonetization of silver ; Resump- 
tion Act ; Yellow Fever epidemic ; Resumption of 
specie payment. 



James A. Garfield, Ohio. 

8MHl_tt Months. 15 I»a.ys. 
Born 1*S1 : R»i<Ml IKSg. 



VICE-PRESIDENT— 

( 'hester A. Arthur. 



CABINET- 



Secretary of State, James G. Blaine ; Secretary of 
Treasury, William Windom : Secretary of War, 
Robert T. Lincoln ; Secretary of Navy, William 
II. Hunt; Secretary of Interior, Samuel J. Kirk- 
wood ; Postmaster- General, Thomas L. James ; 
Attorney-General, Wayne McVeagb.. 



IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Civil Service Reform ; 
C. -I. Guiteau, July 2 
field, September 19. 



President assassinated by 
; Death of President Gar- 



Chester A. Arthur, New York. 

1H«1-1SM5— 3 Years. 5 Months ami 15 days. 
Uorn 1*3©. Died BW««. 

CABINET— 

Secretary of State, Frederick T. Frelinghuysen ; 
Secretary of Treasury, Charles J. Folger ; Secre- 
tary of War, Robert T. Lincoln ; Secretary of 
Navy, William E. Chandler; Secretary of Inte- 
rior, Henry M. Teller; Postmasters-General, 
Timothy O. Howe and Walter Q. Gresham ; At- 
torney-General, Benjamin H. Brewster. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Trial of C. J. Guiteau, Nov. 17, 1881, to Jan. 5, 
1882 ; Execution of C. J. Guiteau, June 30, 1SS2 ; 
River and Harbor bill. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



Grover Cleveland, New York. 

1888. 
Born 1837. 

VICE-PRESIDENT— 

Thomas A. Hendricks. Died Nov. 25, 1S85. 

CABINET— 

Secretary of State, Thomas F. Bayard; Secretaries 
of the Treasury, Daniel Manning, Charles S. 
Fairchild; Secretary of War, William ( !. Endicott; 
Secretary of the Navy, William C. Whitney; 
Secretary of the Interior, Lucius Q. C.Lamar, 
William F. Vilas; Postmasters- General, William 
F.Vilas, Don M. Dickinson; Attorney-General, 



Augustus H. Garland. 
IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Railroad Strikes; Hanging of the Anarchists; Deaths 
of General U. S. Grant, Chester A. Arthur, 
Thomas A Hendricks, John A. Logan, David 
Davis, Daniel Manning, Morrison R. Waite. 



Acquisition of Territory of United States. 



Name. 


Area. 




How Obtained. 


From 

Whom. 


Cost. 


Thirteen States 


820,680 

66,900 
308,052 
318,'M) 

ts',535 
577,390 


1776 
1803 
1819 
1846 
1846 
LSI 7 
is:,:: 
1867 


Revolution. . . 
By purchase .... 

By purchase 

Bj treaty 

By annexation . . 

Bj conquest 

By purchase .... 
By purchase .... 








France. . . . 

Spain . . . 




Florida 




Northern Boundary. . . . 




Mexico.. . . 

Russia 


7,500,000 
18,000,000 
10,000,000 

7,2uii, 


N. Mexico A- California 

Arizona 

Alaska 




Total 








ff.-J, 700,0 10 











American Wars. 

Dutch war, 1673; King Philip's war, 1075; Bacon's rebel- 
lion, 16*76; King William's war, 1689; Queen Anne's war, 
1702; King George's war, 1744; French and Indian war, 
1754; Pontiac's war, 1763; American revolution, 1775; Shay's 
rebellion, l7s7; Whisky insurrection, l7'->4; Indian war, ]7'.'4; 
Barbary war, 1803; Tecumseh war, 1804; War of 1812; Al- 
gerine war, 1815; First Seminole war, is 17; Second Seminole 
war, 1835; Toledo war, 1835; Patriot war, 1837; Dorr's rebel- 
lion, 1842; Mexican war, 1 84-i; The Great Rebellion, 1861. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



Settlement of the States. 





SETTLED 




•6 

§ 

s 




STATES. 




Where. 


By 

Whom. 


President. 


Virginia 


1607 
1614 
1620 
1623 


Jamestown 

New York 

Plymouth 

Little Harbor 


English 

Dutch.. 
English 

Swedes 

English 

Dutch.. 
English 

French 




a 
"So 

■c 

a 

H 

1791 1 
1792 
1796 l 
1803 
1812 1 

1816 1 

1817 | 
1818 
1819 | 

1821 1 

1836 i 

1837 | 
1845 
18451 
1846 y 
1848) 
1850 
1858 / 
1859 
1861 1 

1863 | 

1864 t 
1867 
1876 




Massachusetts 

New 1 [ampshire 




Maryland 

Rhode [sland 

Delaware 


1634 St. Mary's 

1636 Providence 

1638 Wilmington ... 
1650 Chowan River. 

1664 Elizabeth 

;670 Ashley River... 
n-,s-j Philadelphia... 
17.;:! Savannah 

1775 Boonesboro.. 
1757 Fort Lou.h.n... 

1788 Marietta 

1699 Iberville 

I7:iu Vincennes 

lTKi Natchez. 




New Jersej 

Smith Carolina 

Pennsylvania 

Georgia 

Vermont 


Washington. 
Jefferson. 


Louisiana 

Indiana 


Madison. 






Alabama 


1711 
1625 


Mobile 




Bristol 










Arkansas 

Michigan 

Florida 


1685 
1670 
1565 
1692 

is:;:; 
1669 
1769 
1846 
1811 

1774 
1850 


Arkans's Post.. 


Jackson 


St. Augustine. 
San Antonio 

Burlington 

Green Hay 

San Diego 

St. Paul 


Spaniards. . 

English..'.'. 

French 

Spaniards. . 
Americans . 


Tyler. 
Polk. 


Vvis: llf.lll 

California 

Minnesota 


Fillmore. 


Nevada 

Nebraska 






Wheeling 

< renoa 


English. 

Alneric; 


US 


Lincoln. 
Johnson. 
Grant. 



English Sovereigns. From 1485-1888. 



Henry Vll . 
Henry VIII. 
Edward VI.. 



Ma 



abeth 



Stuart 

Commonwealth 

Stuart 

Orange 

Stuart 



James 1 

Charles 1 

Oliver Cromwell.. . 
Richard Cromwell, 
Charles II 

•billies 11 

William and Mary 
William III 

. Anne 

I George I 

George II 

Georgelll 

G gelV 

! WilliamlV 

I | Victoria 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



CO 
W 

H 
CO 

Q 
W 

H 

i— i 

& 
W 

a 

H 

ft 

O 

B 

W 
P 

n 
CO 

W 
K 
ft 

W 

W 
H 



w 

R 


. i .S3 =• 


. / ". ,? 


| 




o 
a 

Eh 
<i 

P 



z 

«4 


-^a sa^a"^!^' 

3 3 "1?3 . -' » > T • io >. / ^ • -^ " P. . 


u 

-X 

ft 1 






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M^ft^^pqo^PO^Jftlzij 






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o 






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In 




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: :| . : -/| ; ; 5 *| : 


|a 


c 




: ;»h . g H . . — ■ 


la 










H 


2 Sj-i t / ,- ■ / / / • ~ '.; 












a >. >. >. >> >' >. >. >. a j. 






r -r x x x> ■* oc t<^-t — ri^-ti-eir » -* «c « 


■iniiji: 


x 7r. = ~ ■-< ~> ?i '- 5 ^r U ^ ." .-: !- ; ; i ; ! : x r X 
t- i- x x x -r t ) i / x x x x "/ x x x x x y. r 


-.nirsiiiMij 




:':::£.:::::::::::::::: 


H 


-• • 3 ft _•;:„:: ^ ■ 3 




S H <s : : =« : . cs a c« 


ft 


I s | : Il : a ''U 1't : : : : = 

5 c s -.— ■•-.— - i i. i- 
fa ft *ft ^ ft£ ^ ft P 


H 






•- 
















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J5 


: : ,-' : : 


























































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: '. '. S 


u 


■OH ■ ■ 














&H 


e* : : ■' : 


^ ■:-. - - :; 






■ -' 








■3 


Is-s^ljj^JUa'Js"*, 




- 




p 


. L : ^ — L — y< " ■_, ^ > ^ — • •> : t: . * . 







&%*i.B%££z*z iz~ Z.-aa%'il& 


ft 


emxft^fti^ftftwScxS'J.SftisSft 


w 

1 


j i i ; ;§ 1 1| I ; II ■: ; ; ; ;|: ; ; 

^ :g : :^ a g'£ : : : » :§5 G -x? S^: 
'- " -r - ,> = K — ~ - ;; ~ - .i ^ a ^ " "i. 




^Hhb4^^bN'S^5^5fHb55 
















rtHHrtW 















30 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

Chronological Table ; of U. S. History. 

986 Herjulfson discovered eastern coast of N. A. 

loot Leif Erickson discovered Vinland. 

1 192 Columbus discovered West Indies, Oct. 12. 

1493 Columbus makes his second voyage. 

14!>7 Cabots discover ihe coasts of N. A. 

14!>8 Columbus discovered continent of S. A.; 3rd voyage. 

1499 Vespucci discovered Guiana and Venezuela. 

1501 Vespucci explored Brazil; 2nd voyage. 

1 502 Columbus explored the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. 
15()(> Denys explored the St. Lawrence. 

1512 DeLeon discovered Florida. 

1513 DeBalboa discovered the Pacific Ocean. 
1510-21 Cortez conquers Mexico. 

152«) Magellan discovered a passage to Pacific Ocean. 

1524 Verrazzani explored coast of U. S. 

1534 Cartier visits Canada. 

1535 California discovered by Cortez. 

1541 DeSoto discovered the Mississippi River. 

1562 The Huguenots settled in South Carolina. 

1564 The Huguenots settled in Florida. 

1565 St. Augustine founded by Melendez. 
15R4 Raleigh explored the coast of N. C. 
1598 Planted a colony on the Isle of Sable. 
1603 Champlain visits the New World. 

1606 London and Plymouth companies organized. 

1607 Jamestown founded. 
1609 Hudson River discovered. 
1614 N. Y. settled by the Dutch. 
1 6 1 9 Negro Slavery introduced. 
1620 Landing of the Pilgrims. 
1623 New Hampshire settled. 
1626 Maine settled. 

1633 Connecticut settled. 

L634 Maryland settled. 

1636 Roger Williams settled in R. I. 

1637 Harvard College founded. 

1638 Delaware settled by the Swedes. 
1643 Union of New England Colonies. 
1656 Quaker persecutions in Mass. 

Kit; 4 N. Y. surrendered to the English. 

1675-6 King Philip war. 

1676 Bacon's Rebellion. 

1680 Charlestown founded. 

1689-97 King William's War. 

1692 Witchcraft in Mass. 

1702-13 Queen Anne's War. 

1704 First Colonial Newspaper. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



Chronological Table— Continued. 

1 718 New Orleans founded. 

1732 George Washington born; Feb. 22. 

1733 Georgia settled. 
1744-48 King George's War. 
1754-63 French and Indian War. 

1 755 Braddock'e defeat, July 9. 

1758 Capture of Louisburg, July 27. 

1759 Battle of Quebec, Sept. 13. 
1763 Treaty of Paris. 

1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act, Mar. 8. 
Colonial Congress met in N. Y., Oct. 7. 

1766 Stamp Act repealed, Mar. 18. 

1767 Parliament taxed tea, glass, lead, etc., June 29. 
1711 s Mass circular letter. 

British troops arrive in Boston, Sept. 27. 

1769 California settled. 

1770 Boston massacre, Mar. 5. 
Parliament abolished all tax except tea. 

1773 Boston Tea Party, Dec. 16. 

17 74 First Continental Congress met in Phila., Sept. 5. 

1775 Second Continental Congress met in Phila., May 10. 
Battle of Lexington, April 19. 

1776 Declaration of Independence was adopted, July 4. 

1777 Battle of Brandywine, Sept. 11. 

1 77s Treaty with France. Battle of Monmouth, June 28. 

1779 British driven from the Northwest. 

1 780 Treason of Arnold. 

1781 British defeated at Cowpens. 

Cornwallis surrender at Yorktown. 

1 783 Treaty of Paris. 

L787 Adoption of the Constitution, by Convention. 

1788 Settlement of Ohio. 

1789 Washington inaugurated, April 30. 
1791 Vermont was admitted into the Union. 
I79ii Kentucky was admitted into the Union. 

1793 Invention of the Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney. 

1794 Wayne defeats the Miami Indians. 
L795 Jay's Treaty. 

1796 Tenn. admitted into the Union. 

1799 Death of Washington at Mt. Vernon, Dec. 14. 

1K00 Capitol removed to Washington. 

Treaty with France. 

1801 Jefferson inaugurated. 

1803 Louisiana purchased. 

1804 Duel between Hamilton and Burr, July 11. 

1805 Treaty of Tripoli. Lewis and Clark expedition. 
1807 First Steamboat. Embargo Act. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Chronological Table— Continued. 

1809 Madison inaugurated, Mar. 4. 

1811 Battle of Tippecanoe, Nov. 1. 

1812 War declared against Great Britain, June 19. 
Michigan surrendered to British, Aug. 16. 

L813 Perry's victory, Sept. 10. 

1814 Burning of the Capitol. 

L814 Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 24. 

1819 Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8. 

War declared against Algiers, Mar. 2. 

1816 Indiana admitted into the Union, 

1819 Florida purchased, Feb. 22. 

1820 Missouri compromise passed, Mar. 3. 

1823 Monroe Doctrine announced, Dec. 2. 

1824 LaFayette visited the U. S., August 15. 
i826 John Q. Adams inaugurated, Mar. 4. 
1826 Death of Adams and Jefferson, July 4. 

First Railroad in the U. S. 

1831 First locomotive engine. 

1832 Black Hawk War. Nullification in S. C. 
1835 War with Seminole Indians, began Dec. 28. 
183*7 Michigan admitted into the Union, Jan. 26. 

1842 Dorr Rebellion. Boundary treaty with England. 

1844 First telegraphic line. 

1845 Florida and Texas admitted. 

1846 Battle of Palo Alto, May 8. 

Battle of Resaca de la Palrna, May 9. 

Declaration of war, May 11. 

Oregon boundary treaty with Great Britain, June 1. 

1847 City of Mexico surrendered, Sept. 14. 

1848 Gold discovered in California. 
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2. 

1850 Omnibus Bill. 

1853 Gadsden purchase, Dec. 30. 

1854 Treaty with Japan, Mar. 31. 
Kansas-Nebraska bill. 

1857 Died Scott decision. 

185U John Brown's raid, Oct. 16. 

1860 South Carolina seceded, Dec. 20. 

1861 Confederate constitution adopted, Feb. 8. 
Lincoln inaugurated, Mar. 4. 

Fort Sumpter tired upon, April 12. 
Mason and Slidell taken, Nov. 8. 

1862 Capture of Ft. Donaldson, Feb. 16. 
Engagement of Merriraac and Monitor. 
Capture of Island No. 10, April 1. 
New Orleans captured, April 25. 
Lee's invasion of Maryland, September. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 33 

Chronological Table— Concluded. 

1863 Emancipation Proclamation issued. 
Lee's second invasion of the north, June. 
Battle < f Gettysburg, July 1-3. 
Surrender of Vicksburg, July 4. 

Draft Riot in N. Y., July 13-16. 
Battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19-20. 

1864 Grant made Lieutenant-General, Mar. 3. 
Alabama and Kearsarge, June li>. 
Atlanta captured, Sept. 2. 

Battle of Nashville, Dec. 16. 
1805 Petersburg and Richmond surrendered, April 3. 

Lee surrenders to Grant, April 9. 

Lincoln assassinated, April 14. 
1st;? Purchase of Alaska, Mar. 30. 

1868 President Johnson impeached, Feb. 24. 
Treaty with China. 

1869 Union Pacific railroad in operation. 

18*71 Washington treaty (Alabama claims,) May 8. 

Chicago fire (18,000 houses destroyed,) Oct. 8-10. 

1873 Modoc War. 

18*76 Centennial Exhibition, May-November. 

1ST 7 Electoral commission. 

1879 Specie resumption. 

1880 Treaty with China (Emigration,) Nov. 17. 

1881 President Garfield assassinated, July 2. 

Death of Pres. Garfield at Elberon, N. J., Sept. 19. 
L882 Guiteau hanged, June 30. 

L8H3 Burning of the Newhall House, Jan. 10. 

1885 Death of Gen. Grant, July 23. 

Death of Thomas A. Hendricks, Nov. 25. 

Completion of the Washington Monument, height 
555 ft. 
L886 Hay market Riot in Chicago. 

Death of Gen. W. S. Hancock, Feb. 9. 

Death of Samuel J. Tilden, Aug. 4. 
L887 Hanging of the Anarchists. 

1 888 Death of Roscoe Conkling. 



# 

34 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



Kinds of Government. 

PATRIARCHAL. 

THEOCRATIC. 

MONARCHY— 

Absolute; Limited; Hereditary ; Elective. 
ARISTOCRACY. 
DEMOCRACY— 

Pure democracy ; Republic. 



National Government. 

Constitution Ratified, July »6, 1788. 

DEPARTMENTS— 

Executive ; Legislative ; Judicial. 

Executive Department. 

President. 

TERM— 

Four years. 
ELIGIBILITY— 

Native-born citizen ; Thirty-five years of age 
Fourteen years a resident of the United States. 

HOW ELECTED— 

Electors ; House of Representatives. 
OATH. 

IMPEACHMENT. 
SALARY— 

$50,000. 



CIVIL GOVE R XMENT. 



POWERS AND DUTIES- 
MILITARY : (a) Army and Navy ; (b) Militia. 
Civil: (a) Cabinet ; (b) Reprieves; Pardons; (c) 
Treaties ; (d) Appointments; (e) Messages; (/) 
Legislative ; (g) Convene or adjourn Congress ; 
(//) Receive foreign ministers ; {%) Execute the 
laws : (./') Commission U. S. officers. 

Vice -I'resi dent. 

TERM— 

Four years. 
ELIGIBILITY— 

Native-born citizen ; Thirty-five years of age ; 
Fourteen years a resident of the United States. 
HOW ELECTED— 

Electors ; Senate. 
OATH. 

IMPEACHMENT. 
SALARY— 

$8,000. 
POWERS AND DUTIES— 

President of Senate ; President of United States. 

Cabinet. 

COMPOSED OF— 

Secretary of State ; Secretary of the Treasury ; 
Secretary of War ; Secretary of the Navy ; Secre- 
tary of the Interior; Postmaster-General; Attor- 
ney-General. 

SALARY OF EACH— 

$8,000 per annum. 



Legislative Department. 

Vested in Congress. 
COMPOSED OF— 

Senate and House of Representatives. 
MEETS— 

First Monday in December each year. 



36 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



COMPOSED OF— 

Two members from each State. 

ELIGIBILITY— 

Thirty years of age ; Citizen of the United States 
nine years ; Inhabitant of State. 

TERM— 

Begins March 4 ; Lasts six years. 

ELECTED— 

By Legislatures of the several States. 

VACANCIES FILLED— 

By Governor ; Legislatures. 

POWERS AND DUTIES- 
LEGISLATIVE: With House. 

Elective: (a) Officers; (b) Vice-President; Try 
impeachments ; Executive. 

SALARY— 

$5,000 per annum ; Mileage, twenty cents per mile 
each way, 1125 for stationery. 

SENATORS FROM MICHIGAN— 

Thomas W. Palmer, 1889 ; Francis B. Stockbridge, 
1893. 

House of Representatives. 

COMPOSED OF— 

Three hundred and Twenty-five members. 
ELIGIBILITY— 

Twenty-five years of age ; Citizen of the United 
States seven years ; Inhabitant of State. 

APPORTIONED— 

One for every 151,912 persons ; Each State one. 

TERM— 

Begins March 4 ; Lasts two years. 

ELECTED— 

By the people ; First Tuesday after the first Mon- 
day in November. 

VACANCIES FILLED— 

By special election. 

; * 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 37 

POWERS AND Duties- 
Legislative : (a) WitbJSenate;_(£) Revenue ; Im- 
peachment. 
Elective : (a) Officers ; (b) President. 

SALARY— 

Same as in Senate. 

Expressed Powers of Congress. 

FINANCIAL— 

Raising Monet: (a) Taxes; (b) Duties; (c) Im- 
posts ; (d) Excises ; (e) Borrow. 
PURPOSES— 

(a) Payment of United States debts; (b) Common 
defence ; (c) General welfare. 

REGULATE COMMERCE— 

Foreign nations ; Among States ; Indians. 
NATURALIZATION AND BANKRUPTCY- 
COMMERCIAL— 

Coin money. 

Regulate Value: (a) Domestic; (b) Foreign. 

Fix standard of weights and measures. 

CRIMINAL— 

To define and punish : (a) Piracies ; {b) Felonies 
on the high seas; (<•) International offenses. 

To provide f<h; punishment of counterfeiting : 
U. S. securities ; U. S. coin. 

ESTABLISH POSTOFFICES AND POST ROADS. 

GRANT— 

Copyrights ; Patents. 
ESTABLISH INFERIOR COURTS. 
RELATIVE TO WAR— 

Declaration ; Letters of marque and reprisal ; Rules 
of capture ; Raise and support armies ; Provide 
and maintain navy ; Make rules for army and 
navy. 

Call out militia : (a) To execute laws ; (b) Sup- 
press insurrections ; (c) Repel invasions. 

Control Militia : (•/) Organize ; (b) Arm ; (e) Dis- 
cipline ; {d) Govern — when in U. S. service. 

EXCLUSIVE LEGISLATION OVER— 

District of Columbia ; Forts, magazines, etc. 



38 



( 1 1 77> G 1 'ERNMENT. 



Judicial Department. 

VESTED IN— 

One supreme court ; inferior courts. 



Judiciary of the United States. 



Supreme Court. 



Chief Justice Melvin R Fuller. . . 
Justice Samuel F. Miller. . 
Justice Stephen J. Field.. 
Justice Joseph P. Bradley. 
Justice John M. Harlan.... 
Justice Stanley Matthews. 

Justice Horace Gray 

Justice Samuel Ulatchford. 



APPOINTED FROM. 



Illinois, 1888. 
Iowa, 186'i. 
California, 1863. 
New Jersey, 1870. 
Kentucky, 1877. 
Ohio, 1881. 
Massachusetts, 1881. 
New York, 1882. 



Justice Lucius Q, C. Lamar [Mississippi, 



Circuit Courts. 



First... 
Second. 
Third.. 
Fourth. 
Fifth... 
Sixth. . . 
Seventh 
Eighth. 
Ninth.. . 



Me., Mass., N. H., R. I 

Vt., Conn., N. Y 

N. J., Pa., Del 

Md\, W. Va., Va.,N. C, S. C 

(In., Flor., Ala., Miss., La., Tex.... 

Mich., O., Ky ., Tenn 

111.. Ind., Wis 

Ark., Col., la., Neb., Kan., Minn., M 
Cal., Oregon, Nevada 



LeBarron B. Colt .. 
Win. .1. Wallace.... 

Wm. McKinuan 

Hugh L. Rend 

Don A. Pardee 

Howell E. Jackson. 
Walter Q. Gresham 
David J. Brewer. . . 
Lorenzo Sawyer 



Appointed 
Feom. 



R. I., 1884. 
N. Y., 1882. 
Pa,, 1878. 
Md., 1870. 
La., 1881. 
Tenn., 1886. 
111., 1884. 
Kan., 1884. 
Cal., 1870. 



Court of Claims. 



Name. 


Appointed Fbom. 
















Illinois, 1883. 




Dist. of Columbia L885 







JUDGES— 

Appointed by President and Senate ; Tenure of 

office during good behavior. 
Salaries : (a) Chief justice, $10,500 ; (b) Associate 

Justices, $10,000 ; (c) Circuit Judges, $6,000 ; (d) 

Judges of Court of Claims, $4,500 ; (e) District 

Judges, $3,500-$5,000. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 39 

JURISDICTION— 

Original ; Appellate. 

Prohibitions of Congress. 

WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS— 

Rebellion ; Invasion. 
COMMERCIAL— 

Export duties ; Preference of ports. 
FINANCIAL— 

Paying money without appropriation. 

Receiving from foreign power: (a) Present; 
(b) Emolument ; (c) Office ; (d) Title. 

Criminal— 

Bill of attainder ; Ex-post facto law. 

On States. 

COMMERCIAL— 

Import duties ; Export duties ; Tonnage duties ; 
Law impairing contracts. 
CRIMINAL— 

Bill of attainder ; Ex-post facto law. 
MONEY— 

Coin ; Bills of credit ; Legal tender. 
WAR— 

Letters of marque and reprisal ; Troops or war ves- 
sels ; Engage in war. 
NOBILITY- 
AMENDMENTS - 

First : Liberty of speech ; of press ; of religion ; 
Of right to petition. 

Second : Right to keep and bear arms. 

Third : Quartering soldiers. 

Fourth : Search Warrants. 

Fifth and Sixth : Rights in criminal cases. 

Seventh : Jury trial where controversy exceeds 
twenty dollars. 

Eighth : Excessive bail ; Fines ; Punishment. 

Ninth : Rights retained by people. 

Tenth : Powers reserved to states or people. 

Eleventh : Judicial jurisdiction. 

Twelfth : Election of President and Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

Thirteenth : Slavery :' Involuntary servitude. 

Fourteenth : Civil Rights ; Representatives ; 
Disabilities ; Debt. 

Fifteenth : Suffrage. 



40 



< 'IYIL GOVERNMENT. 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES— 

1st, 1790 S 3,929,328 ; 2d, 1800, 5,305,925 ; 3d, 1810, 
7,239,814; 4th, 1820, 9,638,131; 5th, 1830,12,- 
866,026 ; 6th, 1840, 17,069,453 ; 7th, 1850, 23,191,- 
876 ; 8th, 1860, 31,443,321 ; 9th, 1870, 38,558,371 ; 
10th, 1880, 50,152,866. 

Time for Holding- State ami Territorial Elections. 



States and Teekitokies. 



Alabama 

Arizona Territory 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota Territory 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho Territory 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Indian Territory 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiar a 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana Territory. . . 

Nebraska 

Nevada' 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico Territory 

New York 

North Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina. 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah Territory 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington Territory 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming Territory.. 



$ 3,(100 
2,600 
3,500 
6,000 
3,000 
2,000 

2,600 
2,000 
3,500 

3,000 
2,600 
6,000 
5,000 
2,600 
3,000 

3, 

5,000 
4,000 
2,000 
4,500 
5,000 

1, 

3,800 
4,000 
5,000 
•2,(1011 
2,500 
6,000 
1,000 
5,000 
2,600 
10,000 

3,000 
4,000 
4,500 
10,000 
1,000 
3,500 
4,000 
4,000 
2,600 
1,000 
5,000 
2,600 
2,700 
5,000 
2,600 



Time of Geneual Election. 



Firsl Monday in August. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 

First Tuesday in September. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 



First Wednesday in October. 

Tuesday after first Monday in Novemb 



First Monday in August. 

Tuesday after third Monday in April. 

Second Monday in September. 

Tuesday after firsl Monday in November. 



First Monday in June. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 

First Wednesday in April. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 



First Monday in August. 

First Tuesday in September. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



DIPLOMATIC MINISTERS— 

To Franco, German Empire, Great, Britain, Russia, 
salary $17,500 ; to Austria, Brazil, China, Italy, 
Japan, Mexico, Spain, salary $12,000 ; Chili, 
Peru, Central American States, salary $10,000; 
Argentine Republic, Belgium, Columbia, Ha- 
waiian Islands, Norway and Sweden, Netherlands, 
Turkey, Venezuela, salary, $7,500 ; Bolivia, Ilayti, 
Switzerland, Denmark, Paraguay and Uruguay, 
Portugal, Liberia, salary $5,000. 

Pay of the Army and \avy of tin* United State**. 



General $13,500 Admiral 



utenant- General . 

jor-General 

eadier- General.. . 



,000 Vice-Admiral . 
,500 Rear- Admiral. 



jnant-Co 



ptain imountedl 

ptain (not mounted) 

gimental Adjutant 

gimental Quartermaster 

rst Lieutenant (mounted) 

rst Lieutenanl (nol moui 
Bond Lieutenanl (mounted i 

rend Lieutenant mot ti i< m i r i ' . •■ I 



Lieu 

Lieu' 

Mast 

LllSl! 



.-!:», 

9,000 

. li. 

. 5,000 

4,500 
. 3,500 
. 2, SI 10 



L,5()0 Issistant-Surgei 
1,400 Midshipman... . 
1,500 Gunners 



1,800 
1,200 
2,500 

•j, si 10 
2,800 

1,700 



Tin* Electoral Vote. 



States, 


Votes. 


States. 


Votes. 


St ltes. 


Votes. 




* 10 

7 

3 

4 

15 

13 
8 




6 
14 

s 
13 

'•' 
16 

i 
5 

:: 

!l 

36 
23 




3 




Massai husetts 

Maryland 


Pennsylvania.. . 

Rhode Islaml... . 
South Carolina . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 


30 




4 


Colorado 

Connecticut 


Michigan 

Mississippi 

Missouri 


13 


Florida. .. 


Minnesota 

New Hampshire. 

Nebraska 


i 




12 




West Virginia. - 
Wisconsin 

Total. . . 


(I 




11 


[owa 


New Jersey 


401 




North Carolina. ... 

















ANNUAL SALARIES— 

Emperor of Russia, $8,250,000; Sultan of Turkey, 
»6,000,000 ; Emperor of Austria, 14,000,000 ; Em- 
peror of Germany, $3,000,000 ; Queen Victoria 
(G. B.,) $2,200,000 ; President of the United 
States, $50,000. 



* 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MICHIGAN, 



Departments. 

EXECUTIVE— 

Governor ; Assistants. 
LEGISLATIVE— 

Senate, 32 ; House of Representatives, 100. 
JUDICIAL— 

Supreme court ; Inferior courts. 



Executive Department. 

Governor. 

ELIGIBILITY— 

Age 30 years ; Citizen of the United States five 
years ; of State, two years. 

SALARY— 

I J, 000. 

Assistant State Officers. 
ELECTIVE— 

Secretary of State, salary $800 ; State Treasurer, 
salary $1,000 ; Auditor-General, salary $2,000; 
Commissioner of Land Office, salary $800 ; Attor- 
ney-General, salary $800 ; Superintendent of Pub- 
lic Instruction, salary $1,000. 
State Boards. 

elective- 
Regents : Eight members ; term, 8 years. 
Education : Three members ; term, 6 years. 

EX-OFFICIO— 

Auditors : Secretary of State, State Treasurer, 
Commissioner of Land Office. 

Equalization : Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of 
State, Auditor-General, State Treasurer, Commis- 
sioner of Land Office. 

Canvassers : Secretary of State, State Treasurer, 
Commissioner of Land Office. 



(717/. GOVERNMENT. 



OtlHM- State Officers and Clerks 



Title. 


5 

DC 

81, 

i. in in 
l.-juii 
.■.,,,, 
1,200 
2,500 
1,800 

Ul 
1,801 


Title. 


■a 

CO 


Secretary Board of Agriculture 


Deputy Sup'1 Public Instruction.. . 

Private Si ■rivtary "f Om ernoi- .... 
DiaiiL'ljtsinan State Land Oflire... 

Bookkeeper Stat.- Land Office 

Bookkeeper State Treas. Office 
Bookkeeper A.ud. -General's Office 

Clerk .if Attorney General 

Clerks of A.ud.-Gen., four, each. . . 

Clerks nf Seeivtar\ nf Stan- 
Clerks- Of Com'r of Land Office.... 


81,800 


Swamp Land Slut.- Road Com'r 

Commissioner of Insurance 

Deputy Com'r of Insurance 

Railroad Commissioner 

Deputy State Treasurer 


1,000 




1 III HI 











Legislative Department. 



now COMPOSED— 

One from each district. 

ELIGIBILITY— \ 

Citizen of the United States; Qualified elector; In- 
habitant of county or district. 

NUMBER OF MEMBERS— 

Thirty-two. 

BY WHOM ELECTED— 

The people. 

WHEN ELECTED— 

Tuesday following tirsi Monday in November of 
every even year. 

SALARY— 

Three dollars per day during regular session and 
for first twenty days of extra session, and nothing 
thereafter ; also ten cents mileage each way, and 
$5 for stationery. 

QUORUM— 

Majority of Members, but a lesser number may 
adjourn from day to day, and compel the attend- 
ance of absent members. 

SENATE POWERS— 

Legislative — with House ; Judicial — impeachment ; 
Elective — Senate officers ; Executive. 



44 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

House of Representatives. 

1I()\V COMPOSED— 

One from each legislative district. 
ELIGIBILITY— 

Citizen of the United States; Qualified elector; In- 
habitant of district. 

NUMBER OF MEMBERS— 

One hundred. 
BY WHOM ELECTED— 

The people. 
WHEN ELECTED— 

Tuesday following first Monday in November of 
every even year. 
SALARY— 

Same as in Senate. 
QUORUM— 

Same as in Senate. 
HOUSE POWERS— 

Legislative— with Senate ; Inquisitorial — impeach- 
ment ; Elective — House officers. 



Judicial Department. 

Supreme t'onrt. 

CHIEF JUSTICE— 

Thomas R. Sherwood, term expires Dec. 31, 1889. 
ASSOCIATE JUSTICES— 

John W. Champlin, term expires Dec. 31, 1891. 

Allen B. Morse, term expires Dec. 31, 1893. 

James V. Campbell, term expires Dec. 31, 1895. 

Charles D. Long, term expires Dec. 31, 1897. 
SALARY— 

#5,000. 
OFFICERS AND THEIR SALARIES— 

Clerk, fees ; Reporter, #1,500 and expenses, and a 
sum not to exceed $600 per year for clerk hire; 
Attorney-General, #800 ; Crier, #2 per day and 
Ires ; Sheriff, fees ; Attorneys, fees. 
TERMS 

F.mr annually, commencing on first Tuesday after 
first Monday in January, April, June and Octo- 
ber. 



CI \ T IL O YERNMEX T. 



45 



County. 



EXECUTIVE— 

Sheriff, fees ; Clerk, salary and fees ; Treasurer, 
salary and fees ; Register of deeds, fees; Prose- 
cuting attorney, salary ; Surveyor, $-4 per day 
and fees; Coroners (2), fees; School examiners 
(3), $4 per day; Superintendents of poor (3), sal- 
ary fixed by board of supervisors. 

JUDICIAL— 

Circuit Judges, $2,500 ; Circuit Court Commission- 
ers, fees; Probate Judge, salary according to 
population of county. 
LEGISLATIVE— 

Board of Supervisors, $3 per day and mileage six 
cents each way. 



Township. 



EXECUTIVE- 



Supervisor, $2 per day and fees; Clerk, $1.50 per 
day and fees; Treasurer, percentage; School 
inspectors (2), $2 per day; Highway Commis- 
sioner, $1.50 per day; Drain Commissioner, $2 
perday ; Overseersof Highway, $] per day; Con- 
stables (4), fees; hence Viewers, $1 perday. 

JUDICIAL— 

Justices of the Peace. 
LEGISLATIVE— 

Township meeting. 
ELECTIONS— 

March — Dates variously fixed in the different vil- 
lages ; April — First Monday each year ; Novem- 
ber — Tuesday following first Monday, even years. 



ELECTIONS. 


OFFICERS. 


Teem of 
Office. 




Village officers 


( iue year. 
Ten years. 

Six years. 
One year. 

Two years. 

Two years. 

Two years. 

Two years. 

Four years. 


! 

April ... 


.Iil'le. -s of Slipre Court 

.Iu.lu.-s..r Cm-wit Court 

Township and city officers 

Justicesof the peace 

1 >rain Commissioners 

siate executive officers 


1 






i 









( 1Y1L GO YERNMENT. 



CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS OF MICHIGAN— 

First District: County of Wayne. 

Second District : Counties of Monroe, Lenawee, 
Hillsdale and Washtenaw. 

Third District: Counties' of Jackson, Calhoun, 
Branch, Larry and Eaton. 

Fourth District : Counties of Berrien, Cass, St. 
Joseph, Kalamazoo and YanLuren. 

Fifth District : Counties of Allegan, Kent, Otta- 
wa and Luna. 

Sixth District : Counties of Livingston, Ingham, 
Oakland, Genesee and Clinton. 

Skventh District : Counties of Macomb, St.Clair, 
Sanilac, Lapeer and Huron. 

Eighth District : Counties of Montcalm, Gratiot, 
Isabella, Midland, Saginaw and Shiawassee. 

Ninth District: Counties of Antrim, Charlevoix, 
Kalkaska, Lake, Mason, Manistee, Mecosta, .Mis- 
saukee, Muskegon, Newaygo, Oceana, Osceola 
and Wexford. 

Tenth District : Counties of Alcona, Aljxna, 
Arenac, Bay, Cheboygan, Clair, Crawford, Emmet, 
Gladwin, Iosco, Montmoiency, Ogemaw, Oscoda, 
Otsego, Presque Isle, Roscommon and Tuscola. 

Eleventh District : Counties of Alger, Baraga, 
Benzie, Chippewa, Delta, Gogebic, Grand Traverse, 
Houghton, Iron, Isle Royal, Keweenaw, Lelanaw, 
Mackinac, Manitou, Marquette, Menominee, Onto- 
nagon and Schoolcraft. 

Governors of Michigan. 

TERRITORIAL— 

William Hull, 1805 ; Lewis Cass, 1814; George B. 

Porter, L832 ; Stevens T. Mason, 1834 ; John S. 

Horner, 1835 ; Stevens T. Mason, 1835. 
STATE- 

Stevens T. Mason, 1837-40; William Woodbridge, 

1840-41; J. Wright Gordon (acting,) 1841-42; 

John S. Barry, 1842-46; Alpheus Felch, 1846-47 ; 

William S. Greenly (acting,) 1847-48 ; Epaphro- 

ditus Ransom, 1848-50 ; John S. Barry, 1850-52 ; 

Robert McClelland, 1852-53; Andrew Parsons 

(acting,) 1853-55 ; Kinsley S. Bingham, 1855 59 ; 

Moses Wisner, 1859-6 1 ; 'Austin Blair, 1861-65 ; 

Henry H. Crapo, L865-69 ; Henry P. Baldwin, 

1869-73; John J. Bagley, 1873-77; Charles M. 

Cross well, 1877-81 ; David H. Jerome, 1881-83 ; 

Josiah W. Begole, 1883-1885 ; Russell A. Alger, 

1885-87 ; Cyrus G. Luce, 1887. 



GEOGRAPHY 



GEOGRAPHY. 



DEFINITIONS— 

Geography — Mathematical, political, physical ; Or- 
ology ; Meteorology, Hydrology ; Ethnology ; 
Planets ; Satellites ; Earth — Proofs of rotundity 
of the earth ; Distance from sun, sphere or globe, 
diameter, circumference, earthquake, trend, lava, 
crater, axis ; Poles — North, south ; Revolutions — 
Annual, diurnal ; Circles — Great, small ; Degree, 
equator, parallels : Latitude — North, south, 90 
degrees ; Tropics — Cancer, Capricorn; Polar Cir- 
cles — Arctic, Antarctic; Meridian circles, meri- 
dian; Longitude — East, west. 180 degrees; 
Isothermal lines; Horizon ; Equinoxes; Solstices ; 
Ecliptic ; Hemispheres — East, west, north, south ; 
Zones — North and South Temperate, each 43 
degrees ; Torrid, 47 degrees; North and South 
Frigid, each 2-'C, degrees ; Earth's surface — Land 
and water. 

NATURAL DIVISIONS OF LAND— 

Continent ; Islands — Continental, oceanic ; Atoll ; 
Peninsula, isthmus, cape, promontory, mountain, 
hill ; Volcanoes — Active, extinct ; Range or chain, 
peak or summit; Valleys — Longitudinal, trans 
verse ; Base, slopes, crest, pass or passage, moun- 
tain-knot, plain, prairies or savannas, llanos or 
pampas, selvas, steppes, table-land or plateau, 
desert, oasis, swamp, water shed, delta, river basin, 
Reefs — Fringing, barrier, encircling. 

NATURAL DIVISIONS OF WATER— 

Ocean, sea, gulf or bay, fiord, harbor, haven or port, 
road or roadstead, strait, channel, sound; Lakes — 
Salt, fresh ; Pond, archipelago, river, estuary, 
river system, icebergs, glacier, rapids, canon, falls, 
lagoon; Springs — Cold, thermal, artesian wells, 
firth, canal. 



<;i:<k;raphy. 



TIDES— 

Flood, ebb, spring, neap. 
CURRENTS— 

Temporary, periodical, constant. 

MAP. 

CLIMATE, DEPENDS UPON— 

Latitude, elevation, prevailing winds, ocean cur- 
rents, distance from sea. 

QUADRANT. 

TOPICS FOR GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY— 

Boundaries, latitude, Longitude, surface, mountains, 
plains, islands, capes, bodies of water, rivers, cli- 
mate, soil, natural curiosities, productions, ex- 
ports, imports, square miles, population, race, 
state of society, capital, chief towns, internal im- 
provements, education, religion, government, 
manners, customs, language, history, science, 
literature, art. 

North America. 

COFNTRIES AND FORM OF GOVERNMENT— 

Danish America, colony ; British America, colony; 
Dominion of Canada, colony; United States of 
America, republic ; Mexico, republic ; Central 
America, live republics, one colony. 

MOUNTAINS— 

Rocky, Hecla (volcano.) St. Elias (volcano,) Fair- 
weather (volcano.) Cascade, Coast Range, Sierra 
Madre, Sierra Nevada, Popocatepetl (volcano,) 
Mt. Hood, Appalachian, Fremont's Peak, Mt. 
Washington, Long's Peak, Pike's Peak. 

RIVERS— 

Yukon, Mackenzie, Snake, Savannah, Slave, Sag- 
uenay, Ohio, Ottawa, Athabasca, Churchill, Ned- 
son, Severn, Saskatchawan, Columbia, Colorado, 
Gila, Missouri, Hudson, James, Mississippi, Ar- 
kansas, St. Lawrence, Rio Grande. 

GULFS AND BAYS— 

Baffin, Hudson, James, St. Lawrence, California, 
Honduras, Campeachy, Mexico, Chesapeake, Del- 
aware. 



<;K<><;RAPHY. 



STRAITS— 

Belle Isle, Northumberland, Juan de Fuca, Van- 
couver, Davis, Hudson, Florida, Yucatan. 



ISLANDS- 



CAPES 



Arctic archipelago, Disco, Kodiac, Sitka, Queen 
Charlotte, Vancouver, West Indies, Bahama, Ber- 
muda, Cape Breton, Newfoundland, Greenland, 
Iceland. 



'arc well, Hat hurst, Chudleigh, Barrow, Flattery, 
Mendocino, St. Lucas, Corrientes, Sable, Hatteras, 
Sandy Hook, ( !od, Race. 



CITIES- 



Reykjavik, Upernavik, Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec, 
Sitka, Chicago, New York, Boston, Halifax, Phil- 
adelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Cincinnati, 
Si. Luui>, Vera, Cruz, Mexico, San Francisco, lla- 



South America. 



COUNTRIES 


CAPITALS. 
Rio Janeiro . . 

Buem i- Ayres. 
liii I 'a/. 


Form <>r 


Emperor. 


£-6 


Brazil 

Argentine Republic 


Empire.. . . 
Republic... 


Dom Pedro II 

Presides is. 
Juarez Celman 


1831 
L886 


Ecuador. 


.1. M. 1'. Caamano .... 
.1. M. Balmaceda 


l,xs:> 


Chili 


Santiago 

Caracas 

Bogota 


ism; 








Peru . 






Uruguay. 


\l mtevideo... . 
Asuncion 






Paraguay 












< reorgetown. . . 

Cayenne 

Param i 





























M( )PN TAINS— 

Andes, Paiiina, Pacaraitna, Acarai, Geral, Brazilian 
Andes, Aconcagua (volcano,) Cotopaxi (volcano,) 
Pichincha (volcano,) Mt. Chimborazo. 



GEOGRAPHY 



RIVERS— 

Amazon, Orinoco, Negro, La Plata, Uruguay, Par- 
ana, St. Francisco, Paraguay, Magdalena. 

GULFS AND BAYS— 

Darien, Panama, St. George, Venezuela, St. Mat- 
thias, Choco. 

ISLANDS— 

Terra del Fuego, Joannes or Marajo, Chiloe, Falk- 
land, Wellington, Lobos, Trinidad. 

CAPES— 

Gallinas, St. Roque, Blanco, Horn, Frio, Corrientes, 

St. Antonio, Aguja. 



CITIES- 



Rio Janerio, Bahia, Lima, Bogota," Sucre, LaPaz, 
Quito, Buenos Ayres, Santiago. 



Europe. 



COUNTRIES. 


CAPITALS. 


FOKM OF 

Gov't. 


RULEHS. 


- - 


Russia 


St. Petersburg.. 
Constantinople. . 


Empire.. . . 
Kingdom. . 

Republic. 


Alexander 111 




Turkey 


Ai 1 Hamid Khan.... 

Franz .Joseph I 

Kr<-.l.-i-j.-k Wilhelm.... 




Austria 




Germany 

Spain 


Berlin 

Madrid. 




Portugal 


Lisbon- 


Luis 1 

Victoria 

Humbert 1 




Great Britain 


London. 




[talj 


Rome 

The Hague 

1 Irussels 

C mhagen 

Stockholm 

Christiana 


1S7S 


Holland 


William III. 




\\< -1-111111 


Leopold II. 






Christian IX.. 




s v'r" ! 


Oscar 11 




Norway \ 


George I 

Miland Obrenovic [.... 

Karl 1 


1863 




Belgrade 

Bucharest 

Cettigne 


1881 


Montenegro 


NicholasI 

Presidents. 

M. F. Sadie-Carnot.... 
W. F. Hertenstein 


1 SI ;n 




a 2 
1887 




Berne 


1 888 







MOUNTAINS— 

Alps, Pyrenees, Apennine, Carpathian, Balkan, 
Caucasus, Ural, Auvergne, Cevennes, Dovrefield, 
Kiolen, Sierra Nevada, Cantabrian, Sierra Mo- 
rena. Sierra Estrella, Mt. Blanc, Pindus. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



RIVERS— 

Ural, Volga, Don, Ebro, Pruth, Dnieper, Dniester, 
Drave, Dwina Dunn, Onega, Douro, Vistula, 
Danube, Oder, Guadiana, Elbe. Rhine, Rhone, 
Seine, Loire, Po, Tagus, Weser, Save 

SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS— 

White, Baltic, North, Irish, Adriatic, Azof, Medi- 
terranean, Marmora, Black, Caspian, Bothnia, 
Finland, Riga, Biscay, Lyons, Genoa, Taranto, 
Dantzic. 

STRAITS— 

Gibraltar, O Iran to, Dover, Dardanelles, Bosphorus, 
Yenikale, Cattegat, Skager-Rack, English Chan- 
nel, St. George's Channel. 

ISLANDS— 

Lofoden, Faroe, Shetland, Orkney, British, Balea- 
ric, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Ionian, Can- 
dia, Cyprus. 

CAPES— 

North, Char, Land's End, St. Matthew, Finisterre, 
St. Vincent, Ortegal, Matapan. 

CITIES— 

St. Petersburg, Archangel, Odessa, Astrakan, Mos- 
cow, Hammerfest, Berlin, Christiana, Stockholm, 
The Hague, Brussels, Paris, Vienna, Berne, 
Rome, Naples, Madrid, Lisbon, Athens, Constan- 
tinople, Cetl igne, Bucharest. 



Asia. 



COUNTRIES. 


CAPITALS 




St. Petersburg.. 
Pekin. . 




Jaean 

Burmah. '.".". *.".'.' 


01 Yeddo.. 
Constantinople. 

M,,i„[;i!;iv 

Bankok 






Arabia 


Muscat 


Persia 


British India 


Calcutta 


Afghanistan \ .. 


Calm]. 


Kelat 







Poem of 
Gov't. 


KULEKS. 




Colony 




Empire.. , 


Rwang Su 

AhiNu Hito 

Abdul Hamid II. 


ISTf. 
1876 


Kingdom. . 


Inendoonmen 

Chan Ta Chule Long Korn 










Empire - . . 










Despotism 


Yakob Khan 

Mir N.isa Khan 





52 GEOGRAPHY. 



MOUNTAINS— 

Himalaya, Yablonoi, Altai, Khin Gan, Nanling, 
Hindoo Koosh, Kara-Korum, Western Ghauts, 
Eastern Ghauts, Elburz, Taurus, Mt. Sinai, Ml. 
Ararat, Mt. Everest, Tliian-Shan, Fujiyama, 
(volcano,) Vindhya, Kuenlun, Stanovoy. 

RIVERS— 

Lena, Yenisei, Obi, Irtish, Angara, Sihon, Amoo, 
Hoang-Ho, Yang-tse-Kiang, Brahmapootra, Cam- 
bodia, Ganges, Indus, Tigris, Euphrates, Amoor. 

SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS— 

Kara, Arabian, China, Blue, Yellow, Japan, Ok- 
hotsk, Behring, Red, Aral, Obi, Persian, Aden, 
Bengal, Siam, Tonquin, Anadir, Peehelee. 

STRAITS— 

Behring, Channel of Tartary, Corea, Formosa, Mal- 
acca, Ormus, Babel Mandeb, Balk, Hainan. 

ISLANDS— 

Nova Zembla, New Siberia, Kurile, Saghalien, Yezo, 
Hondo, Shikoku, Kiushiu, Formosa, Japan, Hai- 
nan, Ceylon, Cyprus, Laccadive, Maldive, Bah- 
rein, Nicobar, Andaman, Socotra. 

CAPES— 

Northeast, East, Lopatka, Cambodia, Romania, 
Comorin. 

CITIES— 

Pekin, Lassa, Seoul, Kashgar, Hue, Bankok, Man- 
dalay, Calcutta, Colombo, Cabul, Teheran, Riad, 
Muscat, Tobolsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tinman, Bar- 
naul, Irkoutsk, Khiva, Bokhara, Smyrna, Damas- 
cus, Jerusalem. 

Africa. 

COUNTRIES— 

Barbary States — Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli; 
Fez/an, Egypt, Nubia, Soudan, Abyssinia,, Zan- 
guebar, Upper Guinea, Sierra Leone, Lower 
Guinea, Barca, Mozambique, ('ape Colony, Natal, 
Transvaal, Orange Free States, Senegambia, Li- 
beria, Sahara. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



53 



MOUNTAIN S- 



Atlas, Kong, Crystal, Snow, Great Karroo, Kondi, 
Mt, Kenia, Mt. Killamandjaro, Cameroon. 

RIVERS— 

Nile, White Nile, Blue Nile, Atbara, Zambesi, Or- 
ange, Congo, Niger. 

GULFS AND BAYS— 

Sidra, Cabes, Guinea, False, Algoa, Delagoa. 
ISLANDS— 

St. Helena, Canary, Princes, St. Thomas, Madagas- 
car, Comoro, Zanzibar, Socotra. 

CAPES— 

Hun, Spartel, Blanco, Verde, Palmas, Lope/., Negro, 

Frio, G ] Hope, Agulhas, Corrientes, Delgado, 

Amber, Guardafui, Si. Mary. 

CITIES— 

Cairo, Alexandria, Damietta, Port Said, Suez, Gon- 
dar, Antalo, Ankobar, Zanzibar, Tananarivo, 
Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Pietermaritzburg, Pre- 
toria, Monrovia, Fez, Five Town, .Morocco, Al- 
giers, Constantine, Oran, Tunis, Tripoli, Mourzouk, 
Bengazi, Timbuctoo, Kano, Sokoto, Kuka. 

Oceanica. 

DIVISIONS— 

Malaysia, Australasia, Polynesia. 

MOUNTAINS— 

Line, Darling, Australian Alps, South Alps, Ash- 
burton, Egmonl (volcano,) Edgecombe (volcano,) 
Mt. Ophir, Mt. Kosciusko, Hawaii (volcano.) 

RIVERS— 

Murray, Darling, Victoria, Lachlan, Ashburton, 
Cooper. 

SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS— 

Botany, Coral, Carpentaria, Spencer, Java, Celebes* 
Cambridge, Arafura. 

STRAITS— 

Bass, Cook, Sunda, Torres, Molucca, Macassar. 



(SEOaRM'IIY. 



ISLANDS— 

Australia, New Guinea, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, 
Celebes, Molucca, Philippine, Singapore, Sand- 
wich, New Zealand, Friendly, Society, Feejee, 
Tasmania, Solomon, Banca. 

CAPES— 

York, Sandy, Howe, Wilson, Leeuwin, Northwest, 
Datu, Farewell, West, Fast, Maria. 

CITIES— 

Acheen, Bencoolen, Batavia, Manila, Victoria, Wel- 
lington, Sydney, Hobart, Adelaide. 

Races and Religions. 

RACES— 

Caucasian, 600,000,000 ; Mongolian, 600,000,000 ; 
African, 250,000,000 ; Malay, 4,000,000 ; Ameri- 
can, 8, oou, Don. Estimated t<> speak over 3,000 
different languages. 

RELIGIONS— 

Pagans, 676,000,000; Christians, 320,000,000; Mo- 
hammedans, 140,000,000; Jews, 14,000,000. 
Profess about 1,000 different forms of religion. 

Population of Sonic of the Principal <'ities of the World. 

London, 3,533,484 ; Paris, 1,988,806; Pekin, 1,650,- 
000; Canton, 1,500,000; New York, 1,206,590; 
Berlin, L,049,663 ; Vienna, 1,020.770; Philadel- 
phia, 846,984 ; Tokio, 811,510 ; St. Petersburg, 
667,963. 

'IV ii l'i'iiH*i|>al Cities of the United States. 

New York, 1,206,590; Philadelphia, 846,984 ; Brook- 
lyn, 566,689; Chicago, 503,304 ; Boston, 362,535; 
St. Louis, 350,522 ; Baltimore, 332,190; Cincin- 
nati, 255,708 ; San Francisco, 23-'<',956 ; New Or- 
leans, 216,140. 

Seven Wonders of the World. 

The pyramids, temples and hanging gardens of 
Babylon ; Statue of J upiter < Hympus ; Temple of 
Diana at Ephesus ; Mausoleum of Halicarnassus ; 

The Pharos ; The Colossus of Rhodes. 



GEOGRAPHY. 


55 


Highest Mountains in the \\ oil. 3. 


OLD WORLD. Feet. 


NEW WOULD. 


Fkkt. 












24,422 


Elburz 18,572 


Chimborazo • 


Ararat 1(5,960 






\l ;:.; A Ihin: j 




Monte Rosa 15,223 

\'\r Alli'tli.m 11,168 


1 :,.ii(iii 


Kiliina Niaro 20,065 






St Eli is 


1 1,970 









Itule for Measuring Height of Objeets. 



i: C 

Knowing distance from A to ( ', from A to 15, and from B 
to D to find tin- distance from C to E. 
RULE— 

Divide the distance from A to C by the distance 
from A to B, ami multiply the quotient by the 
distance from B to [). 

Length of Degrees of Longitude in Different Latitudes. 



Degree of 


Statute 


Degree of 


Statute 


Latitude. 


Miles. 


Latitude. 


Wiles. 


l 


69.15 


:,ii 


44.43 


5 


68.85 


.-,.-, 


39.64 


10 


68.06 


i;ii 


34.56 


15 


66.76 


65 


29.21 


•jii 


64.94 


Til 


23.64 


■>r, 


62.64 


75 


L7.89 


30 


59.86 


Sll 


12.00 


35 


56.62 


85 


6.02 


411 


52.94 


90 


0.00 


ir, 


18.88 







Utile to Find the Length of a l>dgree of Longitude at any Lat- 
itude. 

With globe ascertain the number of equatorial de- 
grees — at desired latitude— between an}^ two 



GEOGRAPHY. 



ISnh to Find the Length of a Degree of Longitude at any Lat- 
itude—Continued. 

meridians, which multiply by GO and divide pro- 
duct by the number of degrees between the two 
meridians ; the quotient will be the number of 
geographical miles. 

EXAMPLE— , 

Find the length of a degree <>f longitude at Grand 
Rapids, Mich. The distance between two merid- 
ians at Grand Rapids is 11 equatorial degrees ; 
1 1x60-:- 15=44 geographical miles; 44xl.i52§= 
50.72 statute miles. 



Length of the Principal Rivers of the World. 



NEW WORLD. 


Miles. 


OLD WORLD. 


Miles. 




4,200 
3,750 
3,100 
2,300 
2,300 

2, i 

1,900 
1,600 
1,550 

1^1 120 

650 
100 
350 
330 




4,000 






Missouri 




















Lena 


'J, 71 10 




" (i r ill 


Yukon 




2,300 




Volga 


2,000 


San Francisco 




Rio Grande Del Norta 


Danube 


1,800 
1,750 






(' 1 pari 






Uabama 








Murray 


1,500 




SSII 


Hudson 











l-:ie\ at ion of Lakes. 



NAME. 


Feet. 




15,000 




15,000 




15,000 




12,846 


A.ullagus 


12,257 




7,780 




4,200 


Itasca (Minnesota) 


1,575 
600 


Michigan : 


586 




585 




565 




23] 




m 







GEOGRAPHY. 



Depression of L.ake*. 



NAME. 


Feet. 




1,312 













Canals. 



NEW WORLD. 


OLD WORLD. 


Name and Location. 


Length 
in Miles. 


Name and Location. 


Length 

IN MlDES. 




363 

1 -j 1 • , 
332 
291 
1 
108 


Imperial, China 

Ludwig's, < M-miany 

Caledonia, < treat Britain 

1 >u Midi, France 

North Holland, Holland 


1, HI III 








Miami and Erie, Ohio 

St. Mary's, Mirlii^an 


150 









Comparative Table of Islands. 



In the following table Michigan, with an area of of 56,500 
square miles, is taken as a unit. 



NAME. 


Areas in 
Square 
Miles. 


o > 
OS 




3,000,000 

300, 

275,0110 
200,000 

130, 

106, 

84,000 

711, HUH 

51,500 
16,1 

1:0,200 

35,000 
32,500 
28,000 
26,200 
24,500 
6,500 
6,000 

5, 1 

4,800 


53.09 
5.30 

4.00 
3.53 

2.47 






Madagascar 
























Iceland 




Ireland. 




Havti. . 


















.10 


Timor.. 




Bahamas 





.08 



GRAMMAR. 



GRAMMAR. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 
ETYMOLOGY. 
SYNTAX. 
PROSODY. 

Orthography. 

(Sec outline of this subject.) 

Etymology. 

DEFINITIONS— 

Parts of speech — Noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, 
adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, 

participle, declension, comparison, conjugation, 
parsing, inflection, synopsis. 

Nouns. 

COMMON— 

Class ; Abstract ; Collective ; Verbal. 

PROPER. 
PROPERTIES— 

Gender — Masculine, feminine, common, neutei ; 
Person — First, second, third ; Number — Singular, 
plural ; Case — Nominative, possessive, objective, 
absolute or independent. 



GRAMMAR. 59 



GENDER OF NOUNS DETERMINED— 

By termination ; By different words ; by prefixes or 
suffixes. 

PLURAL OF NOUNS FORMED— 

By inflection ; by radical change. 

Pronouns. 

ANTECEDENT. 
CONSEQUENT. 
PERSONAL— 

Simple ; Compound. 
POSSESSIVE. 
RELATIVE— 

Simple, Compound. 

INTERROGATIVE. 

Adjectives. 

DESCRIPTIVE— 

Common ; Proper ; Participial. 

DEFINITIVE— 

.Articles ; Pronominals ; Numerals. 

COMPARISON— 

Degree — Positive; Corriparative ; Superlative 

Verbs. 

USE— 

Transitive; Intransitive; Copulative; Principal; 
Auxiliary ; Unipersonal. 

FORM— 

Regular ; Irregular ; Redundant ; Detective 

NATURE— 

Active ; Passive ; Neuter. 
PROPERTIES— 

Voice — Active, passive ; Mode, Indicative, subjunc- 
tive, potential, imperative, infinitive ; Tense — 
Present, present perfect, past, past perfect, future, 
future perfect ; Number and person — Same as 
subject. 



-1 



GRAMMAR. 



Adverbs. 

Time ; Place ; Cause ; Degree ; Manner; Interrog- 
ative ; Conjunctive; Modal; Adverbial phrase. 



Prepositions. 

Simple ; Complex. 

Conjunctions. 



USE- 



Co-ordinate ; Subordinate. 

MEANING— 

Copulative ; Disjunctive ; Correlative. 



Syntax. 

Analysis: Synthesis. 

ELEMENTS— 

Principal — (a) Subject ; (b) Predicate ; (c) Object ; 
Subordinate — Adjective, adverbial. 

PHRASES— 

Classes — (a) Substantive ; (b) Adjective ; (c) Ad- 
verbial ; (d) Independent. Function — (a) Sim- 
ple ; {b) Compound ; (c) Transitive ; (d) Intran- 
sitive ; (e) Principal ; (/) Auxiliary ; {</) Com- 
plex ; (A) Mixed. Form — (a) Prepositional ; (/>) 
Infinitive ; (c) Participle ; (d) Nominal. 

CLAUSES— 

Subject; Predicate; Relative; Appositive ; Inter- 
rogative ; Objective ; Adverbial. 

SENTENCES— 

Function — (a) Declarative ; (b) Interrogative ; (c) 
Imperative ; (d) Exclamatory. Form (a) Sim- 
ple ; (b) Complex ; (c) Compound. 

FIGURES OF SPEECH— 

Etymology — (a) Apheresis; (b) Prosthesis ; (c) Para- 
goge ; (d) Syncope ; (e) Apocope ; (f) Tmesis ; 
(g) Dieresis ; (/*) Syneresis. Syntax — (a) Pleon- 
asm ; (b) Ellipsis; (c) Parenthesis; (</) Enallage; 
(e) Zeugma; ( /') Syllepsis; {g) Hyperbaton. 
Rhetoric — (a) Simile ; (b) Metaphor ; (c) Allego- 
ry; (d) Metonymy; (e) Synecdoche; (f) Ecphonesis; 



READING 



FIGURES OF SPEECH— Continued. 

(</) Antithesis ; (A) Irony ; (/) Interrogation ; (J) 
Hyperbole ; (k) Vision ; (I) Apostrophe ; (m) Per- 
sonification ; (n) Erotesis ; (o) Climax ; (p) Epi- 
gram; ((/) Litotes, (/) Catachresis. 



Prosody. 

Punctuation, Versifieal ion. Stanza. 

DISCOURSE— 

Prose; Poetry — (a) Rhyme; (b) Blank verse; (c) 
Eeet — Iambus, trochee, spondee, pyrrhic, anapest, 
dactyl, amphibrach, ; {</) Accent. 

POETIC PAUSES— 

Final ; ( Jaesural. 



READING. 



READING— 

The perusal, or the oral expression of written or 
printed composition. 
OBJECT OF— 

( ) To gain and (2) to impart knowledge 
ORTHOEPY— 

The proper utterance of words. 
EXPRESSION— 

The conveyance of thought by the modulated voice. 
GESTURE— 

Action or attitude used to express or enforce senti- 
ment or emotion. 

Orthoepy, 

ARTICULATION— 

The utterance of the elementary sounds separately 
or combined. 

SYLLABICATION— 

The process of dividing words into syllables. 
ACCENT— 

A more forcible stress of voice upon one syllable 
of a word 'than upon another. 



READING 



Articulation. 

CORRECT ARTICULATION ACQUIRED— 

(1) By an accurate knowledge of the elementary 
sounds. 

(2) By knowing the appropriate places for these 
sounds in words; and (3) I>y applying this knowl- 
edge constantly in reading- and conversation. 

ELEMENTARY SOUNDS— 

Syllables and words should be distinctly uttered. 

ORGANS OF SPEECH — 

Lips, teeth, tongue and palate. 

VOICE— 

Produced by the passage of air through the larynx. 

ELEMENTARY SOUNDS— 

Are divided into vocals, sub-vocals and aspirates, 

VOCALS— 

Those tones of voice which are unobstructed by the 
organs of speech. 

SUB-VOCALS— 

Those tones which are modulated by the organs of 
speech. 

ASPIRATES— 

Those elementary sounds which are produced hy the 
breath alone. 

PRINCIPAL ERRORS IN ARTICULATION— 

(1) Addition of one or more elementary sounds. 

(2) Omission of one or more elementary sounds. 

(3) The using of one elementary sound for another. 



Syllabication. 



SYLLABLE— 

One or more elementary sounds uttered in unison. 
MONOSYLLABLE— 

A word of one syllable. 

DISSYLLABLE— 

A word of two syllables. 

TRISYLLABLE— 

A word of three syllables. 



READING 



POLYSYLLABLE— 

A word of four or more syllables. 

ULTIMATE— 

The last syllable of a word. 

PENULT— 

The last syllable of a word but one. 

ANTEPENULT— 

The last syllable of a word but, two. 

PREANTEPENULT— 

The last syllable of a word but three. 

Words have as many syllables as they contain vowel 
sounds. A syllable should never be divided at the 
end of a line. Constant use of the dictionary 
should be made in the study of syllabication. 

Accent. 

PRIMARY ACCENT— 

The more forcible stress of voice. 

SECONDARY ACCENT— 

The less forcible stress of voice. 

In Webster's dictionary the primary accent is indi- 
cated by a heavy mark, ami the secondary accent 
by a lighter mark. 

Expression. 

MODULATION— 

The variation of voice heard in reading and speaking. 

EMPHASIS— 

A special stress of voice on one or more words of a 
sentence. 

PERSONATION— 

The variation of the voice used to represent two or 
more persons as speaking. 

PAUSES— 

The cessation of voice in reading or speaking, used 
to add force to the expression, also to mark gram- 
matical construction. 



64 READING. 

SLUR— 

A smooth gliding movement of the voice heard in 
reading and speaking. 

MONOTONE— 

A sameness of tone or absence <>!' inflection. 



Modulation. 

PITCH— 

The elevation of the voice, as heard in reading and 
speaking. 

DIVISION OF PITCH— 

(1) Low, (2) common and (:5) high. 

LOW PITCH— 

Any tone of voice lower than the common. 

COMMON PITCH— 

The tone of voice used in conversation. 

HIGH PITCH— 

Any tone of voice higher than the common. 

RATE— 

The time of utterance in reading and speaking. 

DIVISION OF RATE— 

(1) Slow, (2) medium and (3) rapid. 

SLOW RATE — That used in expressions of solemnity, devo- 
tion, etc. 

MEDIUM RATE— 

That used in common conversation, narration or de- 
scription. 

RAPID RATE— 

That used in expressions of joy, anger, excitement 
and haste. 

QUALITY— 

Refers to the kind of tone. 

PURE TONE — That used in common conversation. 



READING. 



ASPIRATED— 

The whisper, or the whisper partly vocalized. 
OROTUND— 

Thepure lone deepened and enlarged. 
GUTTURAL— 

That in which the voice seems to be produced in the 
throat. 

NASAL— 

Thai in which the voice seems to pass through the 
nose. 

FALSETTO— 

Any tone above the natural compass of the voice. 

PECTORAL— 

Any tone below the natural compass of the voice. 

TREMBLING— 

That used in excessive griei <>r pity, or to represent 
enfeebled acre. 



FORCE— 

Refers to the volume of sound without change of 
pitch. 

DIVISIONS <>K FORCE— 

(l) Subdued, (2) Moderate ami (3) Strong. 
SUBDUED FORCE— 

Is less than the common energy of the voice. 

MODERATE FORCE— 

That usually employed in conversation, narration, 
etc. 

STRONG FORCE— 

That greater than the common energy of the voice. 



STRESS- 



The manner of applying emphasis to one or more 
words of a sentence. 



DIVISION OF STRFSS- 



(1) Initial, (2) final, (3) sustained, (4) median, (5) 
compound and ((>) tremulous. 



READING 



INITIAL STRESS— 

That in which the emphasis falls upon the begin- 
ning of a word or phrase, ami gradually dimin- 
ishes. 

FINAL STRESS— 

That in which the emphasis is gradually increased. 

SUSTAINED STRESS— 

That in which the emphasis commences^ continues 
and ends with the same fore •. 

MEDIAN STRESS— 

That in which the emphasis is applied with the 
greatest force in the middle of the sound. 

COMPOUND STRESS— 

That in which the emphasis is applied with the 
greatest force at the initial and final parts of the 
sound. 

INTERMITTENT STRESS, OR TREMULOUS— 

That in which the emphasis is applied in wave like 
impulses. 

INFLECTION— 

The change of pitch used in leading and speaking. 
RfsiNC4 INFLECTION— 

That in which the voice glides upwards and sug- 
gests incomplete sense. 

FALLING INFLECTION— 

That in which the voice glides downward and sug- 
gests complete sense. 

CADENCE— 

The fall of the voice at I he end of a sentence. 



Emphasis. 



INDICATED BY— 

(1) Italics, (2) small capitals, and (!) large capitals. 

ABSOLUTE EMPHASIS— 

That which is used upon words not compared with 
others in the sentence. 

ANTITHETIC EMPHASIS— 

That which is used upon words contrasted with 
others in the sentence. 



READING. 



Pauses. 

GRAMMATICAL— 

Those used to indicate the nature or meaning of the 
sentence. 

RHETORICAI 

Those used to add force to the expression where the 
construction does not admit of a grammatical 

pause. 

Gesture. 

INCLUDES— 

(1) Altitude. (2) gesticulation, and (8) facial ex- 
pression. 

ATTITUDE— 

The position of the body when at rest in expressing 
or enforcing sentiment or emotion. 

GESTICULATION 

The movement of the body, or change of position in 
expressing or enforcing sentiment or emotion. 
FACIAL EXPRESSION— 

The language of the countenance with reference to 
feeling or emotion. 

Attitude. 

CLASSIFIED— 

As (1) firm, (2) relax, (3) advancing, and (4) re- 
ceding. 

A FIRM ATTITUDE— 

When the muscles are firm and rigid. 
A RELAX ATTITUDE— 

When the muscles are relax and loose. 
AN ADVANCING ATTITUDE— 

When the body is incline. 1 forward. 
A RECEDING ATTITUDE— 

When the body is inclined backward. 

Gesticulation. 

INCLUDES— 

Movements of (1) head, (■_') upper limbs, and (3) 
lower limbs. 



68 BEADING. 



POSITION OF HEAD— 

(1) Erect, (2) inclined backward (3) inclined for- 
ward, and U) inclined to one side. 

ERECT POSITION— 

Indicates confidence, firmness, courage, etc. 
BACKWARD POSITION— 

Indicates mirth,. pride, etc. 
FORWARD POSITION— 

Indicates shame, humility grief, etc. 
LATERAL POSITION— 

Indicates carelessness, indifference, feebleness, etc. 
UPPER LIMBS— 

Movements of, includes those of (I) the hands, and 
(2) the arms. 

POSITIONS OF HAND— 

With reference to the palm are known as (I) prone, 
(2) supine, (:*) verticil, and (4) repelling. 

With reference to the fingers as (1) natural, (2) ver- 
tical, (3) indexical, (4) clenched, (5) extended, and 
(6) clasped. 

THE PRONE POSITION— 

The palm downward denoting secrecy. 

THE SUPINE POSITION - 

The palm upward, information, advice, etc. 

THE VERTICAL POSITION— 

The palm perpendicular, obligation, amazement' etc. 

THE REPELLING POSITION— 

The palm outward, repulsion, dislike, etc. 

THE NATURAL POSITION 

The fingers hanging loosely, ordinary conversation 
or discourse. 

THE VERTICAL POSITION— 

The fingers pointing upward, appeals to duty, sur- 
prise, etc. 

THE INDEXICAL POSITION— 

The forefinger extended, used in pointing. 
THE CLENCHED POSITION— 

The hand closed tightly, violence, anger, etc. 



READING. 



THE EXTENDED POSITION— 

The fingers extended, free, open, plain, etc. 
THE CLASPED POSITION— 

The hands united and closed, entreaty, etc. 

POSITIONS OF ARM— 

Arc (1) front, (2) lateral, (3) Oblique and (1) back- 
ward. 

FRONT POSITION— 

The arm directly in trout, used in emphatic assertion 
or direct appeal. 

LATERAL POSITION— 

The arm extended to the right or left, used in lan- 
guage of a general nature and appeals to the in- 
tellect. 

OBLIQUE POSITION— 

The arm between the front and lateral positions. 

BACKWARD POSITION— 

The arm back of the lateral position. 

POSITIONS OF LOWER LIMBS— 

Are (I) advance, 1. (2) retire, and (3) lateral. 
Advanced Position: The movemenl of either fool 

forward. 
Retired Position: The movement of cither fool 

hack ward. 
Lateral Position: The movement of either foot to 

the right or left of lirst position. 

FACIAL EXPRESSION— 

Named as (1) natural, (2) smiling, (3) averted, (4) 
dejected, and (5) staring. 

Natural Expression: Indicates satisfaction, rever- 
ence, etc. 

Smiling Expression: Indicates cheerfulness, good 
will, etc. 

Averted Expression: Indicates perplexity, dis- 
gust, etc. 

Dejected Expression: Indicates shame, sorrow, 
humility, etc. 

Staring Expression: Indicates boasting, defiance, 
etc. 

| For complete definitions to tin- almvc outlines with methods of tracliintr and selec- 
tions for practice, see the author's "MANUAL OF READING." Price 35 cents; 
sample copy '2f> cents. I 



ORTHOGRAPHY 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 



ORTHOGRAPHY— 

Treats of the style, size, sound and combination of 

letters. 



STYLE 



SIZE 



icludes the following: Roman, Italics, ( )]<! Eng 
lish, Antique, German Text, Gothic, Full Face 
Script, Old Style. 



Letters are named with reference to their size as 
follows: Pica, Small Pica, Long Primer, Bour- 
geois, Brevier, Minion, Nonpareil, Agate, Pearl. 
Each having two forms — capital and small. 

SMALL LETTERS— 

Are used lor all common purposes. 
CAPITAL LETTERS— 

Are !!sc(l for distinction ami prominence. The fol- 
lowing are some of the rules for their use: 

Proper Names: All proper nouns and their deriva- 
tives take the initial capital. 

Names ok Deity: Words denoting Deity should 
take the initial capital. 

Headings and Titles: Headings of chapters and 
titles of books are printed with capitals. 

Words of Distinction: The words \ and O should 
always be printed or written in capitals. Words 
denoting great events take the initial capital. 

First Words: The first word of every sentence 
begins with a capital. The first word of an inde- 
pendent expression begins with a capital. The 
iirst word of a line of poetry should begin with a 
capital. The first word of any important begin- 
ning takes the initial capital. The iirst word of a 
resolution takes the initial capital. 
SOUND— 

An elementaiy sound is one that cannot he divided. 

CLASSIFICATION— 

Letters are classified as vowels and consonants. 
VOWELS — 

Are letters which represent pure tone only. 
The vowels are a, e, i, o and u. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 



CONSONANTS— 

Are letters which represent tone more or less ob- 
structed by the organs of speech. 

The consonants arc b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, 1, in, n, p, (j, 
r, s, t, v, w, x, y, /,. (W* and y arc vowels when 
1 1 « » t preceded by another vowel sounded in same 
syllable.) 

a diphthong- 
Is the union of two vowels sounded together in the 
same syllable. 
A DIGRAPH— 

Is the union of two vowels in one syllable only one 
of which is sounded. 

A TRIPHTHONG— 

Is the union of three vowels in one syllable repre- 
senting a simple or compound sound. 

A TRIGRAPH— 

Is the union of three vowels in one syllable repre- 
senting but one sound. 

ELEMENTARY SOUNDS— 

Are divided into vocals, sub-vocals and aspirates. 
VOCALS— 

Are those tones of voice which are unobstructed by 
the organs of speech. 

SUB-VOCALS— 

Arc those tones of voice which arc modulated by the 
organs of speech. 

ASPIRATES— 

Are those elementary sounds which are produced by 
the breath alone. 

A MUTE— 

Is a letter which represents no sound without the 
aid of a vowel. 

The mutes are }>, l», d, t, k and g. 
A SEMI VOWEL— 

Is a letter which represents a sound without the aid 

of a vowel. 
The semi-vowels are f, h, j, 1, m, n, r, s, v, w, .\, y, z, 

C and g, soft. 

: [tinay be justly question^, whether w, is ever a vowel. It certainly hicks one 
hi Hie i-ssi'utiai properties of a vowel, that is, of forming a syllable either alone or with 
consonants; which all-the other vowels do. — WrigM. 



oirriHwnM'UY 



ORGANS OF SPEECH— 

The lips, teeth, tongue and palate. 

LABIALS— 

Letters formed principally by the aid of the lips. 
The labials are b, f, in, p, v, w and wh. 

DENTALS— 

Letters formed principally by the aid of the teeth. 
The dentals are j, s, z, eh, sh, zh and c and g soft. 

LINGUALS— 

Letters formed principally by the aid of the tongue. 
The Unguals are d, 1, n, r, t, y and th. 

PALATALS— 

Letters formed principally by the aid of the palate. 
The palatals are k, q, x, ng, c and g hard. 

DIACRITICAL MARKS— 

Are characters used to represent the various sounds 

of letters. 
The following table gives the character, name and 

position of the diacritical marks: 

Table of Diacritical Marks. 

Mark. Name. Where used. 

Macron. < >ver a, e, i, o, u, y, 00, under e and n. 

Breve. Over a, e, i, o, u, y and oo. 

Dieresis. Over a and i, under a, and u. 

Period. Over a, o, g, under a, o and U. 

Caret. < )ver a, e, o and u. 

Tilde Over e, i and n. 

Cedilla. Under c. 
Inverted T. Under s and x. 

Bar. Across c and over g. 

spelling- 
Is the naming of the letters of a word in their 
proper order. 

A SYLLABLE— 

A letter or combination of letters uttered at a single 
impulse of the voice and composing the whole or a 
part of a word. 

A WORD— 

One or more syllables used as the si<rn of an idea,. 



HEADING. 



A PRIMITIVE WORD— 

One not derived from another. 
A DERIVATIVE WORD— 

One that is derived front another. 
A SIMPLE WORD— 

A single word. 
A COMPOUND WORD— 

One composed of two or more simple words. 



ARITHMETIC. 



DEFINITIONS— 

A unit, a number, unit of a number, an integer, a 
concrete number. Scale — Uniform, varying, deci- 
mal. Unity, a solution, a problem, an example, 
an analysis, a rule, digits, cipher cr zero, period, 
simple value, Ideal value, equation, axiom. 

Notation. 

K( >MAN— 

Letters, value, principles. 
ARABIC— 

Figures — Value of figures, how increased, how 
diminished ; Periods, principles. 

NUMERATION— 

Periods, principles, rules. 

Addition. 

DEFINITIONS— 

Sum or amount, parts, like numbers. 
SIGNS— 

Addition, equality. 
PRINCIPLES— 

Three. 
RULE. 
PROOF. 



* 

71 ARITHMETIC. 



Subtraction. 

DEFINITIONS— 

Minuend, subtrahend, difference or remainder. 

SIGNS. 

principles- 
Two. 

rule. 

PROOF. 

Multiplication. 
difinitions— 

Multiplicand, multiplier, product, factors. 

SIGN. 

THEOREMS— 

Either factor for multiplier ; Product same name as 
multiplicand ; Multiplier always abstract. 

PRINCIPLES— 

Four. 
RULES. 
PROOF— 

Division. 
DEFINITIONS— 

Dividend, divisor, quotient, remainder. 
RELATION TO SUBTRACTION. 
RELATION TO MULTIPLICATION. 
SIGNS— 

Three. 
THEOREMS— 

Quotient an abstract number ; Dividend and divisor 
like numbers ; Remainder same name as dividend. 

PRINCIPLES— 

Three. 
RULKS 
PROOF. 



*- 



ARITHMETIC. 



Properties of Numbers. 
DEFINITIONS— 

Integer, exact divisor, common divisor, greatest 
common divisor, prime numbers, numbers divisi- 
ble by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, composite num- 
bers, even numbei, odd number, factors, factor- 
ing, multiple, common multiple, least common 
multiple, cancellation. 
PRINCIPLES— 

Four. 
RULES FOR— 

Multiples, divisors, prime factors. 

Fractions. 

DEFINITIONS— 

Unit of a fraction, fractional unit, denominator, 
numerator, terms, value, analysis, proper, im- 
proper, simple, complex, compound, similar frac- 
tions, dissimilar fractious, common denominator, 
least common denominator, mixed number, re- 
ciprocal. 

REDUCTION— 

Fraction to a number, number to a fraction, higher 
terms to lower terms, lower terms to higher terms, 
compound to simple, dissimilar to similar. 

ADDITION— 

Like denominators, unlike denominators. 
SHI !TR ACTION— 

Like denominators, unlike denominators. 
MULTIPLICATION— 

Number by a fraction, fraction by a number, frac- 
tion by a fraction. 

DIVISION— 

Number by a fraction, fraction by a number, frac- 
tion by a fraction. 

THEOREMS— 

Common denominator a common multiple; least 
common denominator, least common multiple. 

PRINCIPLES— 

Four. 
RULES. 



ARITHMETIC. 



Decimals. 

DEFINITIONS— 

Decimal point, mixed number, pure decimal num- 
ber, complex decimal, circulating decimal, nota- 
tion, numeration, reduction, debit and credit, 
debtor, creditor, an account, balance, bill of 
goods, footing of bill, item, receipting a bill. 

REDUCTION— 

Prefixing a cipher, annexing a cipher. 
ADDITION. 
SUBTRACTION. 
MULTIPLICATION— 

Number of decimal places in product. 
DIVISION— 

Number of decimal places in quotient. 
RULES. 

Denominate Numbers. 

DEFINITIONS— 

Concrete number, abstract number, simple, com- 
pound, standard unit, scale, money, coin or specie, 
paper money, reduction — ascending and descend- 
ing, weight, measure of — length, surface and 
solid, time. 
TABLES— 

Linear measure, square measure, surveyor's square 
measure, cubic measure, board measure, liquid 
measure, apothecaries 1 liquid measure, dry meas- 
ure, avoirdupois weight, troy weight, apotheca- 
ries' weight, measure of time. 

RULES— 

Percentage. 

DEFINITIONS-i- 

Per cent., sign, percentage, base, rate, amount, dif- 
ference, interest, principal, legal interest, com- 
pound interest, usury, promissory note, per annum, 
annual interest, partial payment, indorsement, 
maker or drawer, payee, holder, indorser, lace of 
a note, negotiable note, non-negotiable note, dis- 
count, net price, cash value, true discount, pres- 
ent worth, bank discount, check, proceeds or 
avails, maturity, profit and loss, commission, 



ARITHMETIC. 77 



DEFINITIONS— Continued. 



agent, consignment, consignor, consignee, tax, 
real estate, personal property, assessor, assessment 
roll, duties or customs, tare, leakage, breakage, 
custom-house, company, charter, capital stock, 
share, certificate, par value, market, value, install- 
ment, bond, coupon, broker, brokerage, insurance, 
policy, exchange, set of exchanges, partnership, 
capital, resources, liabilities, deficit. 



Ratio. 



DEFINITIONS 



Terms of ratio, antecedent, consequent, sign, coup- 
lets. 



PRINCIPLES- 

Three. 



DEFINITIONS 



Proportion. 



Simple, compound, sign, antecedents, consequents, 
extremes, means, direct, inverse. 

PRINCIPLES— 

Three. 

Involution. 
DEFINITIONS— 

Power, root, exponent, square, cube, perfect power. 
PRINCIPLES. 

Evolution. 
DEFINITIONS— 

Root, radical sign, perfect power, imperfect power, 
square root, cube root. 

PRINCIPLES. 

Progression. 
DEFINITIONS— 

Progression — Arithmetical and geometrical ; Series 
— Ascending and descending ; Terms ; Ratio. 

RULES. 



AR1T11METK 



Mensuration. 

DEFINITIONS— 

Line — Straight, curved, horizontal, perpendicular ; 
Parallel lines ; Angle—Right, obtuse, acute ; 
Area; Perimeter ; Diagonal ; Altitude. 
PLANE FIGURES— 

(l) Triangles — Right, isosceles, equilateral. Base 

multiplied by height and product divided by 2 
gives area. 
(•_') Quadrilaterals — 

Parallelogram — Square, rectangle, rhomboid, rhom- 
bus. Base multiplied by altitude gives area. 
Trapezoid — Sum of parallel sides multiplied by alti- 
tude and product, divided by 2, gives area. 
Trapezium — Divide it into triangles and find the 

sum of their areas. 
(3) Polygons — Pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octa- 
gon. Divide into triangles and find the sum of 
areas. 
CIRCLES- 
DIAMETER multiplied by- 
3. It L6=circumference. 
.8862=side of an equal square. 
.8860=side of an inscribed equilateral triangle. 
.'7o71=side of an inscribed square. 
Circumference multiplied by — 
.3183=diameter. 

,2756=side of an inscribed equilateral triangle. 
.2251=side of an inscribed square. 
.15915=radius. 
Area multiplied by — 

1.2732=square of diameter. 
L2.5663=square of circumference. 

solids- 
Prism ; Parallelopipedon ; Cylinder — Perimeter 

of base multiplied by altitude gives volume. 
Pyramids and Cones — Perimeter of base multiplied 

by one-half slant height gives convex surface ; 

area of base multiplied by one-third the altitude 

gives volume. 
Spheres — 

Diameter multiplied by — 

Circumference=surface. 

..">'7V 4=side of inscribed cube 
Surface multiplied by — 

1-6 diameter=volume. 



PENMANSHIP. 



im; 



ENMANSHIP. 



By Mrs. L. F. Wallbrecht, 
POSITIONS— 

Of the person — Body, feet, arms, wrists, hands, fin- 
ders. At desk (ii- table, sitting or standing — 
Front, right, right oblique, left. Of pen— (See 
Penholding.) Of paper — Adjust book so that 
right aim will be at right angles to lines on paper. 

PENHOLDING— 

Take the pen between the first and second fingers 
and the thumb. The holder should cross second 
finger at corner of nail, three-fourths of an inch 
from point of pen. Cross forefinger forward of 
knuckle. End of thumb should touch holder 
opposite lower joint of forefinger. Top of holder 
should point toward right shoulder. Wrist should 
he above paper, hand resting lightly on nails of 
third and fourth fingers. Point of pen should 
come squarely to paper. 

M<>\ KMENT— 

Whole arm, forearm, finger, combined. 

PRINCIPLES— 

Straight line, righl curve, left curve, extended loop, 
direct oval, reversed oval, capital stem. 

SLANT 

Main, 52 degrees; connective, :!<i degrees. 
LINES 

Top line — Line to which the loop or extended letters 
extend. Intermediate line — Line to which semi- 
extended letters reach. Head line — Line to which 
small letters extend. Base line — Line on which 
the writing rests. 

SPACE— 

Height — The unit for measuring the height of let- 
ters is small letter i without dot. Width — The 
unit for measuring width of letters is the distance 
between the two straight lines of small w taken 
horizontally. 



PENMAXSIllf. 



FORM— 

Small — Short, 13 ; semi-extended, 4 ; extended or 
loop. Capital — In which capital (> is most promi- 
nent, 4 ; in which reversed oval is most promi- 
nent, 9 ; in which seventh principle is most 
prominent, 13. 

CONSTRUCTION— 

Angles — Upper, lower. Turns — Upper, lower. Slants 
— Main ; Connective — Right curve, left curve. 

SPACING— 

One and one-fourth space between all letters except 
a, d, g, q, two spaces. One and one-half spaces 
between words. Twice as great between sen- 
tences as between words. 



PHYSIOLOGY 



ANATOMY- 
IS the science of the structure of the body. Called 
human anatomy when applied to man, and com- 
parative anatomy when applied to animals. 

PHYSIOLOGY— 

Is the science of the functions of the body. Called 
human physiology when applied toman, and com- 
parative physiology when applied to animals. 

hygiene- 
Is the science of the laws of health. 
ORGANIC BODIES— 

Animals and plants — Possess organs by which life 
is maintained and growth is secured. 

INORGANIC BODIES— 

Minerals — Are destitute of organs, and grow only 
by additions to their surfaces. 

health- 
Is a natural condition of the bodily organs. 

disease- 
Is an unnatural condition of the bodily organs. 



PHYSIOIJ Hi)' 



Bones. 
USES— 

(1) Framework of the body; (2) Protection to deli 
cate organs ; (3) Levers upon which the muscles 
act to produce motion. 
COVERING— 

A fibrous membrane called periosteum. 
COMPOSITION— 

(1) Animal matter, to impart elasticity; (2) Mineral 
matter, solidity. 
PROPERTIES— 

(i) Porosity, to give greater si/A' lor the formation 
of joints and attachment of muscle ; (2) Hardness, 
to give strength. 
NUMBER AND CLASSIFICATION— 
Head (28 hones) — 

Cranium (8 hones) — Frontal, occipital, 2 parietal, 

2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid. 
T 'ace (14 bones) — 2 superior maxillary, inferior 
maxillary, 2 malar, 2 lachrymal, 2 turbinated, 
2 nasal, vomer, 2 palate. 
Ear (6 bones) — 2 malleus or "mallet," 2 incus or 
"anvil," 2 stapes or "stirrup." 
Tim nk (54 hones) 

Spinal Column (24 hones) — 7 cervical vertejbrae, 

L2 dorsal vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae. 
Ribs (24 bones) — True, false. 
Stt mum. 
(>* Hyoids. 
Pelvis ( t hones) — 

The innominata or hip hones, sacrum, coccyx. 
Li mi:s (124 hones) — 

Upper Limbs (64 hones) — 
Shoulder — Clavicle, scapula. 
Ann — Humerus, ulna, radius. 
Hand — Eight wrist, or carpal, 5 metacarpal, 14 
phalanges. 
Lower Limbs (60 bones) — 

Leg — Femur, patella, tibia, tihula. 

Foot — Seven tarsal, metatarsal, 14 phalanges. 

Muscles. 
CLASSES— 

(1) Voluntary, those under the control of the will ; 
(2) Involuntary, those not so controlled ; (3) Flex- 
ors, those which bend the joints ; Extensors, 
which restore the parts to a straight condition. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



USES— 

(I) To give form and symmetry to the body ; (2) To 
produce its various movements. 

NUMBER— 

There are only twelve Bingle muscles in the body, 
while the number arranged in pairs exceeds four 
hundred. 

PROPERTIES— 

(l) Contractibility, the power of shortening their 
substance to produce' motion ; (2) Relaxation, 
resuming their natural form. 

EXERCISE— 

Time, not immediately after eating, nor after long 
abstinence from food. 

TENDONS— 

Are fibrous non-contractile tissues, in which the 
Hbres of muscles terminate. 

Digestion. 

DIGESTION— 

Includes all those processes by which food becomes 
converted to the wants of the system. 

ORGANS OF— 

Mouth — Cavity containing the organs of mastication 

and taste. 
Teeth — Organs of mastication. 
Tongue, — Assists in mastication. 
Salivary Glands — Secrete the saliva; (2) Parotid; 

(2) Submaxillary ; (2) Sublingual. 
Pharynx — Cavity in the back of the throat into 

which the esophagus and trachea open. 
Esophagus — Membranous tube through which food 

and drink are conveyed to the stomach. 
Stomach — An enlargement of the alimentary canal. 

It is composed of three coats and has two open- 
ings, cardiac from the esophagus and pylorus to 

the intestines. 
Intestine — A continuous canal leading from the 

stomach. 
Pancreas — A gland situated near the stomach which 

M'cretes the pancreatic juice. 
Thoracic Duct — A long canal which conveys the 

chyle to the veins of the neck. 
Liver — The largest gland of the body. Its office is 

to secrete the bile. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



PROCESS OF— 

Mastication — The cutting and grinding of the food 

by the teeth. 
Lnsalivation — Mixing of the food with saliva. 
Deglutition — The act of swallowing. 
Chymification — The conversion of food into chyme, 
Chylification — The separation of the chyme and the 

formation of chyle, the nutritious part of food 
Assimilation — The conversion of chyle into the 

living tissues of the body. 

FOOD— 

Nitrogenous — Contains much nitrogen, an essential 

constituent «f the tissues of the body. 
Non-nitrogenous — Sugars and fats, essential to the 
formation of every organ, and aids in digestion. 
Inorganic — Such as water, salt, iron, etc. 

Respiration. 

RESPIRATION — 

Is the process by which venous blood is purified or 
changed into arterial blood. 

ORGANS OF— 

Larynx — A cartilaginous box at the top of the tra- 
chea across which are stretched the vocal cords. 

Trachea, or Windpipe — A straight tube which con- 
veys the air to the lungs. It divides into right 
and left bronchial fains, which also divide and sub- 
divide each division, and terminates in an oval 
sac into which the air penetrates. 

Lungs — The principle organs of respiration. 

Pleura — A delicate membrane covering the lungs. 

MOVEMENTS OF— 

Inspiration — Taking air into the lungs. 
Expiration — Expelling air from the lungs. 
OBJECTS OF— 

(1) To impart oxygen to the blood. 

(2) To relieve the blood of carbonic acid and watery 
vapor. 

Circulation. 

CIRCULATION— 

The continuous movement of the blood from the 
heart to repair the system, and its return to the 
heart and lungs to be purified b}^ respiration. 



PHYSIOLOGY, 



ORGANS OF— 

Heart — Is a cone-like muscular organ which keeps 
the current of blood in motion. It contains four 
cavities, right and left auricles, right and left ven- 
tricles. It is lined by a thin membrane called 
endocardium, and covered by another called peri- 
cardium. 

Arteries—^ Tube-like canals which convey the blood 
from the heart to nourish the system 

Veins — The vessels by which the blood returns to 
the heart. 

Capillaries — Minute vessels connecting the arteries 
and veins. 

BLOOD— 

Kinds — Arterial, a bright red, pure and fit for the 
support of the tissues. Venous, a dark blue, im- 
pure and charged with effete materials. 

COMPOSITION— 

Plasma — A colorless fluid richly charged with mate- 
rials derived from the food. 

Corpuscles — Minute solid bodies that float in the 
watery plasma. They are of a yellow color, but 
their vast number imparts a red hue to the blood. 

Nervous System. 

FUNCTIONS— 

The source of sensation and of all muscular motion. 

BRAIN— 

The organ of thought. 

Composition — Gray matter, which originates nervous 
power ; white, which conveys it. 

Divisions — Cerebrum, a mass of white fibres with a 
few cells of gray. It, comprises about seven- 
eighths of the weight of the brain, and is the (cu- 
ter of intelligence. 

Cerebellum, "little brain" — The center for the con- 
trol of the voluntary muscles. 

Medulla Oblongata — The enlarged portion of the 
spinal cord. It lies within the skull. 

Spinal Cord— A cylindrical mass of nervous tissue 
which occupies the cavity of the back bone. 

Dura Mater — A dense, firm membrane lining the 
inner surface of the skull. 

Pia Mater — A very delicate membrane, the means 
of entrance of the blood-vessels into the brain. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 85 



BRAI N — Continued. 

Arachnoid Membrane — A serous membrane lying 
between these. It serves as a protecting envelope 
to the brain, and at the same time, by its serum, 
keeps it moist. 

Nerves — Silvery threads composed of white matter 
without and gray within. They connect all the 
organs with the brain and spinal cord, and have 
two distinct sets of fibres, sensory and motor. 

< 'ranial Nerves — Start from within the skull. There 
are twelve pairs. 

Spinal Nerves — Issue from the spinal cord. There 
are thirty-one pairs: 8 cervical, 12 dorsal, 5 lum- 
bar and sacral. 

Sympathetic Nerves — These extend from a double 
chain of ganglia on either side of the back bone 
to die heart, lungs, stomach, etc. 

Special Senses. 

SIGHT— 

The special senses by which we recognize form, 
size, distance and physical properties of objects. 
Hyperopia, long sight, and presbyopia, old sight, 
may be corrected by using convex glasses. My- 
odia, short sight, by using concave glasses. 



EYE- 



The organ o'f vision is composed of three coats: 

Sclerotic, which givesformand firmness ; ( 'horoid, 

absorbs superfluous light ; Retina, expansion of 

optic nerve. 

Orbits — The bony sockets of the head in which 
the eyes are situated. 

Eyelids — Two movable curtains which, when 
closed, cover the front part of the orbit. 

Lachrymal Glands — Secrete the tears which keep 
the surface clear and transparent. 

('omen — The thin, transparent part of the sclero- 
tic coat. 

Iris — The colored curtain which lies back of the 
cornea. 

I'li/til — The circular opening of the iris. 

Crystallim Lens — Concentrates the rays of light, 
and is situated just behind the pupil. 

Aqueous Humor — A water like liquid lying be- 
tween the crystalline lens and cornea. 

Vitreous Humor — A transparent jelly-like mass 
lying behind the lens. 

Optic Nerve — The means of communication be- 
tween the eye and brain. 



86 PJIYSIOUX;)-. 



HEARING— 

The special sense by which we appreciate sound and 
its qualities. 



EAR 



The organ of hearing. It consists of three parts: 

External Ear — Which includes the concha or shell 
for catching sound, and the auditory canal, a tube 
about an inch long closed at its inner end by the 
membrane of the tympanum. 

Middle Ear — A cavity, the tympanum, separated 
from the external ear by the membrane of the 
tympanum. It contains three little bones, "mal- 
let," "anvil" and "stirrup." Air is admitted to the 
tympanum by means of the eustachian tube, 
which leads to the back of the throat. 

Internal Ear — or Labyrinth — Consists of three parts, 
the vestibule, semi-circular canals and cochlea. 
SMELL— 

The special sense by which we appreciate odors. 

Uses of — (1) The selection of food, and (2) to warn 
us of impure air. 

Location — The location of this sense is in the mucous 
membrane which lines the nose. 

Olfactory Nerves — Or the first pair of cranial nerves, 
are the special nerves of smell. 

Nasal Passages — Two high harrow canals extend- 
ing from the nostrils to the top of the pharynx. 
The inner wall of each passage is straight, but the 
outer is made uneven by three small turbinated or 
scrool-like bones. 
TASTE— 

The special sense by which we appreciate flavors. 

Uses of— (1) The selection of food, and (2) excites 
the flow of saliva. 

Location — We receive impressions of taste through 
the gustatory nerve of the anterior portion of the 
tongue, or through the glosso-pharyngeal nerve. 
TOUCH— 

The special sense by which we appreciate the form, 
heat, cold, etc., of external objects by contact. 

Uses of — Assists the other senses. 

Location — In all parts of the body, especially at the 
tips of the fingers. 

Muscular Sense — That which enables us to estimate 
the weight of bodies. 

Thermal Sense — That which enables us to ascertain 
the temperature of bodies. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 87 



Alcohol. 



DEFINITIONS 



Alcohol — The active and intoxicating principle of 
all fermented liquors. 

Stimulant — An agent that produces an increase of 
vital activity in the body. 

Narcotic — An agent that produces sleep, stupor, par- 
alysis, and often death. 
ORIGIN OF— 

Fermentation — The change which takes place in the 
elements of an organic substance under the influ- 
ence of a decomposing agent called a ferment. 

Distillation — The separation of fluids that boil at 
different temperatures by evavorating one and 
again condensing it. 
SOURCE OF— 

Sugar and starch, or any substance containing sac- 
charine matter. 
PROPERTIES OF— 

A colorless fluid of an agreeable odor and strong, 
pungent taste. Its chemical proprieties are car- 
bon, hydrogen and oxygen ; in commercial or 
ethylic alcohol, there are two parts carbon, six 
hydrogen ami one oxygen. It has a great affinity 
lor water, absorbing it from the atmosphere. It 
is very inflammable, burning with a pale bluish 
Hame without smoke. It is a powerful solvent, 
and employed in medicine in the preparation of 
tinctures and in the arts to dissolve resins, gums, 
oils, etc. It hoils at 173° F. and no degree of 
cold ever vet obtained has effected its congelation. 
Its antiseptic properties prevent chemical change 
in organic substances. 
EFFECTS OF— 

On Nervous System — Alcohol mainly selects the 
cerebro-spinal nervous system for its great center 
of action ; the nerves of motion are especially 
affected. The cerebrum and cerebellum become 
hardened by its use and the cerebral arteries in a 
state of fatty degeneration. 

On Du/estio)i — The chemical action of alcohol is to 
prevent change in organic substances, which is 
the work of digestion from first to last. It is in- 
digestible, and is taken up by the absorbents and 
carried into the blood. Its circulation through 
the lungs gives the one who drinks the "whiskey 
breath." 



,svs 



PHYSIOLOGY 



EFFECT S OF— Continued. 

On the Stomach — It becomes congested and greatly 
wrinkled, as if a powerful astringent bad been 
taken; the mucous membrane becomes white, and 
thickened; or softened and covered with a muco- 
purulent secretion. 

On the Blood- -It becomes fluid and venous by the 
separation of the plasma, increases in carbon and 
hydrogen, contains less oxygen and but little 
fibrin, which accounts for its non-coagulating 
property. 

On the Mind — The general effects are confusion of 
thought, loss of memory, various mental affec- 
tions, varying with individual character, less 
power of self control ami loss of moral power. 

On tin- Muscular System — The influence of alcohol 
is to lessen the amount of carbonic acid exhaled 
from the lungs, and to diminish muscular forca 
in thi' same ratio. 

On the Special Senses — It produces hallucination of 
sight by seeing things double or a variety of ob- 
jecls, indicating that it especially affects that por- 
tion of the brain that ^ives rise to the optic nerve. 
Taste and smell are impaired by its influence upon 
the mucous membrane. 

On tin Brain — It hardens ami impairs its delicate 
texture, blunts the finer sensibilities, and man 
loses the power of self-control, self-respect, de- 
scending step by step in intellectual and moral, 
power. 

On tin Heart and Liver — The superior affinity for 
oxygen, which alcohol possesses, prevents the 
proper elimination of effete matter, thus produc- 
ing fatty defeneration of these organs. 

Transmitted Effects — The diseased condition of the 
system, induced by the stimulating and narcotic 
effects of alcoholic drinks, must reproduce in the 
child the characteristic tendencies of the parent. 

On the Temp, rat a re of the Body — "For a few min- 
utes after alcohol is administered, to the amount 
of a gill of wine or brandy, the temperature rises 
slightly, after which it falls several degrees below 
the standard of health, and remains so for hours." 
— W. B. Carpenter. 

" It is doubtful if another single agent can be 
named, which, introduced into the system from 
without, has been the occasion of a greater amount 
of disease, mental decay and premature death." 
— J. C Hutchinson, M" D. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 89 



EFFECTS OF— Com in r ed. 

The alleged protection against extremes of heat and 

cold has been thoroughly disproved by Dr. Hayes 

and other Arctic explorers. 
The effect upon the human system, the transmission 

of its evil conseqm nces, and many other reasons 

confirm the words of the wise man. — Puov. xx. 1. 

Tobacco. 

TOBACCO— 

An American plant. Its poisonous property is due 
to the active principle nicotine, a most deadly 
poison. 
EFFECTS OF— 

On tin Nervous System Tobacco ads especially on 
the cerebro-spinal renters, affecting mainly the 
medulla oblongata and pneumogastric nerve. 

The sensory nerves are dulled, the motory nerves 
paralyzed, which produces a relaxation of the 
muscular system. 

On Digestion. Tobacco swallowed with saliva pre- 
vents change in organic substances, diminishes the 
desire for food, produces indigestion ami consti- 
pation. 

On tin "Blood. It becomes fluid, venous and non- 
coagulating. 

On tin Mind. The general effects are loss of will 
power, of memory, and the mental perceptions are 
impaired. The pernicious effects are especially 
noticed upon young people, persons of sedentary 
habits and to those devoted to mental pursuits. 

On th< Heart. The effect is to produce irregularity 
of action, and has a tendency to produce fatty 
defeneration. 



THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING. 



(SELECTED AND ARRANGED.) 

THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING— 

The principles and methods of instruction. 

DIVISION OF SUBJECT— 

Will here be used as (f ) the organization and (2) 
the management of schools. 



THEORY AND ART. 



ORGANIZATION.— 

The systematic arrangement of school work ; hav- 
ing for its object the instruction and control of 
the schools. 

A good organization of a school is an essential con- 
dition to its healthful management. 

DIVISION— 

School organization may be divided as (1) tempora- 
ry, and (2) permanent. 

TEMPORARY ORGANIZATION— 

Includes (1) preparatory work, (2) examination, and 
(3) classification of pupils. 

PREPARATORY WORK— 

Will be considered under the following: (l) The 
teacher, (2) the school, (3) contract, and (4) plan 
of work. 

THE TEACHER— 

"As is the teacher, so is the school." The great 
want everywhere is competent teachers. 

QUALIFICATIONS— 

(1) Health, (2) Knowledge, (3) Tact, and (4) Moral. 
HEALTH— 

The teacher should he free frem all bodily ailments. 

A strong, healthy, and temperate physical fiber is 

necessary to a healthy, growing mental condition. 
There is no profession so exacting, none that breaks 

men and women down so early as that of faithful 

teaching. 
"The cheerfulness, the vigor, the versatility, and the 

endurance essential to success can ohly corhe of 

good health." 

KNOWLEDGE— 

To teach well, one must be a master of the subject 
He ought also to be conversant with cognate 
branches. The true teacher is always a student. 

TACT— 

No word in our language expresses a greater power 
to the teacher than this tact. The ready power of 
appreciating and doing what is required by cir- 
cumstances. The accumulation of knowledge 
and experience add to this original divine power. 
A knowledge of the laws of culture, of right 
methods of teaching, and of true school manage- 



THEOR Y AND AR T. 91 



TACT — Continued. 

ment quickens and deepens this gift of intuition. 
"The most scholarly teachers often make the most 
striking failures ; they know, but they cannot 
cause others to know. The teacher needs to ob- 
serve, read, think, practice. He needs to sit at 
the feet of Jesus, of Aristotle, of Socrates, and of 
Pestalozzi, and learn lessons from the masters." 
MORAL— 

High moral qualities are necessary in the teacher as 

they affect his power over his pupils. 
The teacher is the architect of the character of his 

pupils. 
The moral nature that is bound down by low and 
sensuous affections and purposes, lacks at all 
times that ready, sensitive, insinuating grace and 
freedom of action, which draw the youthful mind 
into ways of purity, temperance and personal ex- 
cellence. 
THE SCHOOL— 

Only engage in such schools as you can manage and 

hold. 
Do not attempt too much. You can afford to work 
up. The best positions await talent and well di- 
rected effort. Prove yourself worthy the place, 
and the position will seek you. Seek that place 
which will require all your powers and to which 
yon can gladly devote your best efforts. 
THE CONTRACT— 

Teaching is a business, and teachers should meet 
School Boards on business principles. The con- 
tract should be in writing, and should specify 
time, wages, care of house, grounds and apparatus. 
PLAN OF WORK— 

Prepare your plan <>f work carefully. Have and 
keep your school room clean, orderly ami cheerful. 
Look after the minutest details which promise suc- 
cess. Give your best thoughts to the course oj 
study and programme. See that it is well arranged 
before you enter upon your work. Have your 
plans well matured before the first day. Do your 
best and you will not fail. 
EXAMINATION— 

To determine the grade and class to which pupils 
belong, the method must be left to the judicious 
teacher. 
The natural ability and attainments of the pupil 
must both be considered. 



THEORY AND ART. 



CLASSIFICATION— 

I Ideas in examination the judgment of the teacher 
must determine the place, the age, ability and 
scholarship of the pupil must be considered. The 
proper place for each pupil should be found. 

PERMANENT ORGANIZATION— 

Includes (1) opening exercises, (2) programme, (3) 
study, (4) recitation, (5) intermission, and (<;) clos- 
ing exercises. 
OPENING EXERCISES— 

These should be brief, pleasing, and directed toward 
moral culture. Do not have stereotyped forms 
for opening. Call the roll by number — each pupil 
announcing his number in order. 

PROGRAMME— 

A carefully prepared programme should be found in 
every school room. 

STUDY— 

The pupil is helped more by what he thinks himself 
than he is by what others tell him. The 
teacher should never do for the pupil what he can 
do for himself. Teach pupils how to study. Our 
success as teachers depends more upon this than 
any other school duty. 

RECITATION— 

The object of recitation is two-fold. (J) as aids, and 
(2) as tests. 



AIDS- 



TESTS- 



The first, and most important work of every recita- 
tion should he to teach how to study, to train to 
the habit of clear and correct forms of speech, to 
cultivate a love for study and to impart supple- 
mentary knowledge. 



To ascertain the extent of the pupil's preparation. 
The certainty that the preparation will be thor- 
oughly tested is a powerful incentive to study. 

See that the lesson is well understood and remem- 
bered. If possible let each lesson reach back to 
the beginning. Study well the art of questioning. 

NTERMISSION— 

The organization of the school should provide for 
and the programme should show time set apart for 
recreation. 



THEOR Y AND ART. 93 

CLOSING EXERCISES— 

These, like the opening should be brief, announce- 
ments should be short if any are to be made. A 
song, dismissal by rank, pupils inarching in order. 

SCHOOL MANAGEMENT— 

The systematic control of school work so as to pro- 
duce order and efficiency. 

DIVISION— 

(1) School Tactics ; (2) School Government ; and 
(3) School Work. 

SCHOOL TACTICS— 

A uniform system of signals and movements for 
school work. The appearance ami success of a 
school is largely dependent upon a. well digested 
and faithfully executed plan of" school tactics. 

SIGNALS— 

Counting, tapping the bell and naming the move- 
ment. The signals used should be few and 
simple. 

MOVEMENTS— 

These should be necessary and executed promptly 
and quietly. Sufficient time should be allowed be- 
tween signals to admit of their prompt execution. 

SCHOOL GOVERNMENT— 

Control exercised by a teacher over his school. This 
should always tend toward self-government. The 
order sought in school government should be that 
of activity and work. The most difficult, part of 
a teacher's work is the control or management of 
his school ami calls for experience, judgment and 
wisdom. 

DIVISION— 

(1) Objects and (2) Means. 
OBJECTS— 

(1) To preserve order, (2) to facilitate instruction 
and (3) to form correct habits. 

TO PRESERVE ORDER— 

"Order is Heaven's first law." "The fitness of con- 
dition and results from good government." 

TO FACILITATE INSTRUCTION— 

Good school government lessens the labor of instruc- 
tion and makes successful school work possible. 



THEORY AND ART. 



TO FORM CORRECT HABITS— 

The school is to train the pupil for life and not for 
school. Good character and correct habits are of 
more importance than good scholarship. 

MEANS— 

Classified as (1) Mental and (2) Punishments. 
MENTAL— 

Some of the mental powers used in the government 
of a school are culture, system, earnestness, 
watchfulness, will-power, self-control and tact. 
Each of these should be a special study for the 
teacher and the question asked: Do I possess 
these qualities which promise success? 
PUNISHMENTS— 

Are of two kinds, (1) Moral and (2) Corporal. 
" The best teachers punish least." 

MORAL— 

Conscience and the affections are fields in which the 
true teacher labors and by which he largely 
governs. Train the child to do right because it is 
right. Inculcate right motives and right actions 
will follow. Reproof — public and private, given 
in the proper spirit is an effective means for the 
correction of mis-doing. Restraints, such as de- 
priving of privileges in school or in play. Threats 
are unworthy the teacher. 

CORPORAL— 

The teacher is required to keep good order and if 
necessary he is allowed, by usage, to inflict cor- 
poral punishment. It should never be used ex- 
cept in cases of extreme necessity. When resort- 
ed to it should be humane and done in love, not 
anger. Avoid all "boxing or pulling of the 
ears," use the rod if you must. 

SCHOOL WORK— 

(1) Study and (2) Recitation. 
STU DY— 

Study stands at the head of educational forces. 
The teacher's principal work is to train pupils how 
to study. "Study to know, not to recite." 

RECITATION— 

Stands next in importance to study and forms the 
chief work of the school room and should be well 
understood. 



THEORY AND ART. 



95 



METHODS— 

(1) General and (2) Special. 
GENERAL— 

(1) By question and answer. 

(2) By topic— Diagrams, outlines and analysis. 

(3) By lectures and essays. 

SPECIAL STUDIES— 

History— In teaching- history from events— facts- 
trace the causes that have contributed to produce 
them. The teacher should have in view the cul- 
ture of the moral as well as mental faculties,,!' 
the child, and no field is more prolific in resources 
than history. Prepare for citizenship, use out- 
lines, connect events to aid the memory. 

Civil Government — In a Republican form of gov- 
ernment it is essential to have a knowledge of the 
fundamental principles upon which the safety and 
perpetuity of its institutions rest, In teaching 
do not attempt too much; have a well defined 
plan, use the outlines, omitting parts or adding to 
them as the advancement of your pupils demand. 

Geography— In the study of* geography the Pri- 
mary should be mastered before attempting the 
Advanced. 

Primary — In teaching primary geography the 
instruction should be objective. Begin at home. 
Teach direction, distance, boundaries. Study the 
vegetation, animals and minerals. Find lessons 
in the industries of the- world. 

Advanced — In the study of advanced geography 
begin with the world as a whole, and study from 
the whole to its parts, the size, form and position. 
Explain causes of volcanoes, earthquakes, hot 
springs, ocean currents, etc. Call attention to 
location of cities, prosperity of nations, why? 

Reading— This is one of the most important 
branches in our schools. Teach pupils to pro- 
nounce words at sight. "Conversation is the 
basis of good reading." Attend carefully to 
articulation and pronunciation. Study to have 
the expression correct. 
Arithmetic— (See outline.) The fundamental 
branches should be thoroughly taught if you 

' would have after results satisfactory. Teach ac- 
curacy, neatness and rapidity. Prepare pupils for 
actual business life. 



INDEX. 



» Suggestions. 

Set :i good example. 

Make the school room pleasant and its work attractive. 

Do not threaten or scold. 

Have a well defined plan and follow it faithfully. 

Cultivate good morals and gentle manners. 

Take and read sonic good school journal. 

Own and read some good work on teaching. 

Attend Institutes and Associations. 

Make yours a model school. 



INDEX. 



SUBJECT. 

United States His torn 

Civil Government 

Geography 

Grammar 

Reading 

Orthography 

Arithmetic 

Penmanship 

Physk I logy 

Til HORN' and Art 



PAGE 



5 
34 
47 
58 
61 
70 
73 
79 
80 
90 



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